1306
HAVERINGS FARM BARNS, THE STREET RAYNE, ESSEX
HISTORIC BUILDING RECORDING AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING
Field Archaeology Unit
March 2006
HAVERINGS FARM BARNS, THE STREET RAYNE, ESSEX
HISTORIC BUILDING RECORDING AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING
Prepared By: A. R. Letch Signature:
Position: Project Officer
Date: 15th March 2006
Approved By: M. Atkinson Signature:
Position: Project Manager
Date: 15th March 2006
Document Ref.
1306rep
Report Issue Date
15th March 2006
Circulation
Park Hill Housing (2)
ECC HEM (1)
EHER (1)
As part of our desire to provide a quality service, we would welcome any comments you may have on the content or the presentation of this report.
Please contact the Archaeological Fieldwork Manager at the
Field Archaeology Unit
Fairfield Court, Fairfield Road, Braintree, Essex CM7 3YQ
Tel: 01376 331431 Fax: 01376 331428
Email: fieldarch@essexcc.gov.uk
� Field Archaeolog y Unit, Essex County Council, c/o County Hall, Chelmsford Essex CM1 1LF
CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 BACKGROUND
2.1 Site location and description
2.2 Planning background
2.3 Historical background
2.4 Farming in the late medieval and post-medieval periods
3.0 OBJECTIVES
3.1 Historic building survey 3.2 Archaeological monitoring
4.0 DESCRIPTION OF WORKS
5.0 CARTOGRAPHIC AND DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS
6.0 BUILDING DESCRIPTIONS
6.1 General description
6.2 Barn 1 6.3 Barn 2
6.4 Barn 3 6.5 Stables 4 6.6 Granary 5
6.7 Outbuildings 6
6.7.1 Chaise House/Nag�s Stable 6.7.2 Harness Room/Workshop 6a
6.7.3 Hen House/Tool Shed 6b 6.8 Cartlodge 7
6.9 Shed 8
7.0 RESULTS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING 7.1 General finds
7.2 Medieval pottery report
8.0 DISCUSSION AND PHASING
9.0 CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: 1906 Sales catalogue
Appendix 2 Photographs of Haverings Farm taken in 1984
Appendix 3: Finds data Appendix 4: Contents of archive Appendix 5: EHER Summary
FIGURES
Fig. 1 Site location and block plan
Fig. 2 Chapman and Andre, 1777 (plate 8) Fig. 3 Tithe map of Rayne, 1838 (D/CT 286B)
Fig. 4 First Edition 6" OS map, 1875 (sheet 25) Fig. 5 Plan of Barn 1 with section A-A1
Figs. 6a & 6b Barn 1 internal elevations Fig. 7 Plan of Barn 2 with section B-B1
Figs. 8a & 8b Barn 2 elevations
Fig. 9 Plan of Barn 3 and Cartlodge 7 with sections C-C1 and D-D1 Fig. 10 Barn 3 internal elevations
Fig. 11 Plan of Stables 4 with section E-E1 Fig. 12 Stables 4 internal elevations
Fig. 13 Plan of Granary 5 with section F-F1
Fig. 14 Plan of Outbuildings 6 with section G-G1 Fig. 15 Pit 1 and areas of archaeological monitoring Fig. 16 Suggested phase plan
PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES
Plate 1 Farm group viewed from west Plate 2 Barn 1 viewed from north-east
Plate 3 Barn 1 viewed from south-east with barns 2 and 3 in background Plate 4 Interior of Barn 1 viewed from east, with porch to right Plate 5 Interior of Barn 1 viewed from west, with framing in plate 6 to left
Plate 6 Comparison of build phases shown in north wall of eastern bay in Barn 1
Plate 7 South internal wall of Barn 1 viewed from north-east toward wagon doors Plate 8 Interior of Barn 1 viewed from south-west showing part of porch and extension 1a Plate 9 Graffiti dated to 1826 observed on midstrey post Plate 10 Barn 2 viewed from north-east
Plate 11 Barn 2 viewed from south-east
Plate 12 Interior of Barn 2 viewed from 2a to north showing daubed panels in original gable Plate 13 Interior of Barn 2 and 2a viewed from south Plate 14 Interior of Barn 2 and 2a viewed from south-west across midstrey Plate 15 Barn 2 porch viewed from north-west Plate 16 Interior of extension 2b viewed from south, with mortices for external bracing to left Plate 17 Graffiti from 1820 viewed on door post inside Barn 2 Plate 18 Crown post roof detail inside Barn 2 and remains of gable end Plate 19 East wall frame in Barn 2a showing junction with Barn 2 and cut-through tie beam Plate 20 Barn 3 and Cartlodge 7 viewed from north-east Plate 21 Interior of Barn 3 viewed from south-east Plate 22 Parallel bracing to west wall inside Barn 3 Plate 23 Rebuilt south wall inside Barn 3
Plate 24 Stables 4 viewed from south-west
Plate 25 Stables 4 and Byre 4a viewed from south-east Plate 26 Stables 4 and Byre 4a viewed from north Plate 27 Interior of Stables 4 viewed from west Plate 28 Interior of Stables 4 viewed from east
Plate 29 Weighing machines on concrete floor with trough behind, Stables 4 Plate 30 Primary wall framing in Stables 4
Plate 31 Comparison of primary and secondary wall framing in north wall of Stables 4 Plate 32 Interior of Byre 4a viewed from north-west showing hay feeder in corner Plate 33 Original lime render to Stables 4 preserved in adjoining gable of Byre 4a Plate 34 Granary 5 viewed from south-west with Hen House 6b to right and Building 8 to left
Plate 35 �Goss & Peene� iron staddle to Granary 5
Plate 36 Interior of Granary 5 viewed fro south-east, with window to right Plate 37 Outbuilding 6 viewed from south-west Plate 38 Listed pump outside Chaise House 6a
Plate 39 Outbuilding 6 viewed from south-east showing vented stable door and wagon doors Plate 40 Interior of 6a showing former partition between Chaise House and Nag�s Stable Plate 41 Interior of Nag�s Stable 6aviewed from north with garage door to right Plate 42 North leaded window on west elevation of Harness Room 6b Plate 43 South leaded window on west elevation of Harness Room 6b Plate 44 Additional leaded frame behind south leaded window Plate 45 Interior of Harness Room 6b viewed from north Plate 46 Detail of Chaise House 6a wagon doors on east elevation Plate 47 West elevation of Outbuilding 6
Plate 48 Interior of Hen House 6c viewed from north-east showing lime plaster interior
Plate 49 Remains of vented partition inside 6c Plate 50 Internal west wall framing showing ventilation panel & access points for Hen House Plate 51 Cartlodge 7 viewed from north-east
Plate 52 Rear of Cartlodge 7 viewed from south-east Plate 53 Interior of Cartlodge 7 viewed from north-west Plate 54 Baltic timber marks observed inside Cartlodge 7 Plate 55 Baltic timber marks observed inside Cartlodge 7 Plate 56 Remains of racking on east wall of Cartlodge 7
HAVERINGS FARM, THE STREET RAYNE, ESSEX
HISTORIC BUILDING RECORDING AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING
Client: Park Hill Housing FAU Project No.: 1306
NGR: TL 7427 2257 Site Code: RAHF 05
Planning Application: BDC/363/04
Dates of Fieldwork: 6th-8th September 2005
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A programme of building recording and groundworks monitoring was undertaken by Essex County Council Field Archaeology Unit (ECC FAU) during conversion work to barns and outbuildings at Haverings Farm. The work was funded by the developers, Park Hill Housing, and carried out in accordance with a brief issued by the Historic Environment Management team of Essex County Council (ECC HEM), who also monitored the work.
Copies of the report will be supplied to ECC HEM and the Essex Historic Environment Record (EHER, former SMR) at County Hall, Chelmsford. The archive will be stored at Braintree Museum.
2.0 BACKGROUND
2.1 Site location and description (fig.1)
Haverings Farm is located at the east end of Rayne, along the north side of the A120 main road that forms the main thoroughfare through the parish. This road has ancient origins, forming part of Roman Stane Street. The farm complex is multi-period and stands to the east of Haverings Farmhouse, part of which dates to the 17th century or earlier (LBS 115078, Listed Buildings online). The house and associated farm buildings each have statutory grade II listing, except for shed 8, which is to be demolished as part of the proposals.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
The historic farm group comprises eight largely timber-framed structures ranging in date from the late 16th to late 19th centuries, representing the development of a large farm complex around three enclosed yards. Access is from the main road and a track to the west that connects to a modern area of concrete hardstanding. Numerous buildings that helped define the yards have been demolished over time, and surfaces, walls and gates removed in post- war landscaping works.
Topographically, the farmyard occupies an area of fairly flat ground sloping slightly to the north and east. To the north there is an orchard and fields beyond. Fields continue to the west, with built-up area to the east. Beyond the street to the south is disused meadowland and arable fields. Natural geology consists of clay and sand/gravel recorded at 76.37m OD to the south, but in the central area it was recorded barely 80mm below ground.
2.2 Planning background
Braintree District Council received a planning application (BDC/363/04) for change of use and conversion of the redundant listed farm buildings to form two dwellings with offices and garages. Mindful of the possible effects on the historic integrity of the structures and the archaeological importance of the site, ECC HEM attached a full archaeological condition to the planning permission, based on advice given in Planning Policy Guidance Note 16: Archaeology and Planning (DOE 1990).
2.3 Farming in the late-med and post-med period (1400-1901)
Medieval farm buildings tended to adopt an unplanned plan form, scattered around the farm house rather than around a central courtyard. Farms were owned by estates or religious institutions. Some of the larger more durable monastic barns remain from larger medieval estates, such as the massive 13th-century barns at Cressing Temple, but more ordinary and less durable medieval structures have been lost. No complete farmsteads survive from before 1600 (the early post-medieval period) and only a few from the late 18th-century (English Heritage 1997), although many pre-1750 buildings survive, especially in southern England (Barnwell 1998). Medieval farms in the south-east of the country were �mixed�, producing cereals and livestock and consisted of a barn, where crops were threshed and stored, granary to store the grain (although the farmhouse was often used instead) and stable, built with internal hay lofts. Except for the horses, animals were kept outside or in temporary shelters. Implements (ploughs, etc) and wagons were stored in sheds or in the threshing floor of the barn. The relationship between crops and livestock was close. Cereals were produced as a cash crop and to feed livestock, with enough to keep by for a few
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
animals over the winter. In return, the animals provided transport, wool, meat or dairy products and manure for the crops.
The medieval system worked on a three-year crop cycle, the third year being fallow to replenish the soil before the next crop. However, in the late 17th century, improvements in crop rotation, with the introduction of improved grasses and winter feed crops, heralded the end of the crop cycle. Also, increased winter feed meant that more cattle could be kept for fattening and improvements in animal husbandry meant larger animals could be reared.
From the 1740s, the courtyard �planned� or �model� farm became fully-established and such farms, established by �improving� landlords, began replacing the earlier scattered farmsteads. Cattle were fed in one or more enclosed yards, with an entrance to the south and a barn to north for shelter. In the yards manure was trod into threshed straw and the mixture added to the fields, increasing crop and straw yields.
Such improvement reached its peek during 1840 and 1870: the �golden age of farming�, when grain prices were at their peak, leading to an acceleration in farm building. By the 1860s open-sided sheds were provided for cattle on most farms (Barnwell 1998). This era, also known as �high farming� after contemporary agrarian philosophies, developed the courtyard system to its full potential, aided by mechanisation, artificial fertilisers and new feeds, in conjunction with prevailing Victorian views on efficiency and organisation, influenced by the factory system. In the printed form, great debate was had on the benefits of different designs and husbandry techniques. The focus on mixed farm agriculture accentuated the reciprocal partnership of food and straw being produced for the animals in exchange for manure for the fields. Farm buildings were arranged efficiently around the yard to follow the natural flow of materials. The yard was open to the warmer southern side, surrounded by open-fronted shelter sheds on the three sides and stores for feed and bedding.
The expense of the planned model farm in its purest form was a barrier to smaller farmers, who as part of the industry were also influenced by high farming ideas. In these cases, rather than demolish and build afresh, many landowners remodelled their farms by retaining some of the older buildings, usually barns, while constructing new housing for livestock in such a way as to form courtyard layouts.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
3.0 OBJECTIVES
3.1 Historic building survey
The purpose of the historic building survey was, as outlined in the brief (Clarke 2005), to investigate and record the farm buildings to RCHME level 3 standard prior to conversion. The record was required to consider the plan form of the site, materials and method of construction, building chronology, development and phasing, function and internal layout and survival of early fixtures and fittings relating to original or change of usage. The record also aimed to understand the context of the farm within broad trends in agriculture and the local/regional significance/rarity of the buildings.
Archaeological monitoring
From the built evidence, the site clearly has origins dating to the late medieval period or earlier. Its location close to Stane Street suggests the possibility of Roman activity. A requirement was therefore made in the brief to monitor the excavation of groundworks associated with the development, in order to identify and record any buried archaeological deposits or features relating to the origins and development of the site, identification of medieval and later occupation deposits (including earlier farm structures and surfaces) and the relationship between upstanding buildings and deposits below ground. The results are presented in section 7.0. 3.2
4.0 DESCRIPTION OF WORKS
The standing buildings were recorded using drawings supplied by the client, including a previous FAU frame survey (Letch 2003). Each standing building was assigned a number and referenced to a block plan of the site (fig. 1). External and internal architectural descriptions were made and wherever possible the function of each building was assessed, along with its relationships to others as part of the agricultural environment.
A preliminary site visit was made in 2003 by Essex County Council Historic Buildings Officer Pippa Colchester and buildings specialist Brenda Watkin in relation to previous conversion plans. Based on their examination of barns 1 and 2, more precise construction dates than those supplied in the list entry were recorded. These are included in the report. At the time the site was seriously overgrown and other structures were not examined. However, during the report writing stage, some of the construction features of these structures were discussed with Brenda Watkin.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
A series of photographs (digital, medium format, colour transparencies and 35mm colour and black & white prints) were taken to record the buildings internally and externally. Specific shots were taken of areas of important architectural detail, fixtures and fittings. A representative selection is reproduced at the back of the report as plates 1-56. The remainder can be found in the archive.
Using a mechanical excavator under FAU supervision, a large area was stripped of topsoil in
the centre of the site. Within this area, trenches were then dug down to natural clay and gravel along the line of temporary roadways and major drain runs (fig. 12), also under archaeological supervision. Standard FAU methodologies were used to record any archaeological deposits and features in drawn and written form. Photographs were taken in 35mm format monochrome and transparency films.
Cartographic and documentary sources (section 5) were consulted at the Essex Records Office (ERO), Chelmsford.
5.0 CARTOGRAPHIC AND DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS (figs 2-4)
Cartographic and documentary sources were studied to understand the origins and development of the farm and, if possible, date the existing buildings with greater accuracy. The earliest documentary reference dates to 1838 and no maps were found dated before 1777.
Rayne parish or Raegene is mentioned in an Anglo-Saxon will of c.995 (Reaney 1969). Haverings Farm has medieval roots, derived through the family of William Haueryng, mentioned in land rentals of 1397 (Reaney 1969). By 1428 the alternatively spelt but more familiar title of Haverynges is in use (Reaney 1969).
In the 16th-century the three manors in Rayne were Old Hall (Baynards), Rayne Hall and Haverings (WEA 1977). Haverings Farm was therefore the main farm of the estate. The location of a main house or hall is not known, unless it is underneath the present farmhouse, a part of which dates to the 17th-century �or earlier� (Listed Buildings Online).
Haverings Farm appears to feature on Chapman and Andre�s map of 1777 (fig. 2), though in a more stylised form. Given its importance as the main estate farm it is surprisingly not mentioned in name. The map shows the farmhouse and a (perhaps) representative single
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
barn, in the position of the 19th-century granary, within a regular plot. Considering at least
four of the seven structures recorded in the survey pre-date the map, this illustrates its historical inaccuracy.
Rayne Tithe Map (1838, D/CT 386B, fig. 3) shows the holdings of each landowner in the parish and therefore more detail than the Chapman and Andre map. The tithe map names the farm as �Heverall�, suggesting the existence of a possible hall house nearby. The two large barns (1 and 2) are shown facing a narrow range of buildings across a large square yard. Both barns stand without their 19th-century extensions against the porchs. The stables (4) form part of the north range, on the same alignment as the existing Byre 4a, fronting onto a smaller yard to the west. Another possible building crosses the second yard at an angle, but its orientation suggests a blemish on the map or associated feature such as a pond. Small barn (3) is not included, but the built evidence suggests a pre-1838 date. The accompanying Tithe Award (D/CT 286A) records a large holding of 93 acres of arable land and 4 acres of meadow, almost a hundred acres in all, both sides of the road, with a charge of �34 7s payable to the �vicar and rector�. The farm is held by �Allan the trustees of Thomas Murray� and leased to Isaac Brunwin, a tenant farmer, whose family later become one of the largest landowners in the village.
By the time of the first edition OS map (1875, fig. 4) the farm has developed to its fullest extent: a planned mixed farmstead built to the west around the existing barns and stable range. The map includes all the major buildings recorded during the survey, and others besides, since demolished. The buildings are grouped around three main yards on a west to east alignment, with a fourth to the south. The east yard includes the two barns and the west yard contains the stables, with open-sided shelter sheds forming its south-east corner. The central yard is contained to the north by the range extending eastwards from the stables. The fourth, south, yard is formed to the west of Barn 2. This layout is replicated on the ensuing second edition map of 1897 which, for this reason, is not shown in the report.
Some idea of the function of the numerous farm buildings can be found in a sales catalogue produced in 1906 (Appendix 1). The catalogue was produced after the death of Mr. G. A. Brunwin, who owned several farms in the village and parts of Great Saling and Felstead, of which Haverings (called Haverhills in the catalogue), with 135 acres, was the largest, with land extending into Felstead parish on the other side of Stane Street. Brunwin�s holdings totalled 406 acres, a substantial amount. It is likely he was perhaps a relative of Isaac Brunwin who tenanted the farm in 1838.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
Based on the 1923 new series OS map and 1949 OS maps (not shown) the plan layout of the farm changes little in the ensuing decades, except for the erection of a solitary building to the west in the early 20th-century (1923 OS map, not shown), since demolished. Any discussion of process flow (section 8.0) is based on the early layout and information from the auction catalogue.
No further changes are noted in the 1949 OS map. Between 1923 and 1949 many of the Victorian cattle ranges to the west were demolished. The 1949 map, despite its poorer detail compared to the preceding OS maps, broadly reflects the layout of the farm today. The Brunwins farmed here for three generations. The last to farm here was George Eustice, a gentleman farmer who kept goats and grazed them on the meadow across the road. They were milked in the stable (R. Jiggins pers. comm.). After he died at the age of 91 in c.1980, his widow moved away and the Jiggins family took over the estate. In the closing decades of the 20th-century the buildings were used for storing farm machinery, furniture and other items until the plot was acquired by Park Hill Housing.
6.0 BUILDING DESCRIPTIONS
General description
The building remnants belong to various phases of farm development up to and including the high farming years of the 19th-century. However, many of the 19th-century improvement structures and yards have since been removed and landscaped. What remains (plate 1) poorly-define the four yard layout but nevertheless represent an important group of agricultural structures reflecting methods of construction particular to their times. Their basic characteristics and revised dates, where appropriate, are given below, alongside a number sequence based on the original client block plan: 6.1
�Barn 1 (EHER 26784) is listed as 18th-century but is now believed to date from the late16th/early 17th century with a roof raise in the 18th-century
�Barn 2 (EHER 26780) formerly dated to the 15th/16th century, has a 16th-century crown post roof
�Small Barn 3 (EHER 26781) according to the list description is dated to the 17th-century.
�Stables 4 (EHER 26786) is listed as 16th to 17th-century in date. It appears to have
been built in two stages
�Granary 5 and Cartlodge 7 (EHER 26784 and 26781) are 19th-century in date. The
cartlodge was also included in the Buildings at Risk register, despite its excellent
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
condition. More appropriate entries would have been stables 4 which has areas of roofing missing and a partially-collapsed frontage.
�Outbuildings 6 (EHER 26786) are listed as 17th-century in date, but the studwork is 19th-century with some earlier reused wall plates.
�Shed 8 is an unlisted dilapidated 19th-century, to be demolished as part of the proposals. Partially recorded for group value.
The cast iron railings to the farmhouse are also grade II listed, as is a Victorian pump situated in front of the outbuildings (fig. 1). Ironically, the list description for the pump is more detailed than for the barns.
The structures are generally in good condition and well maintained, with the exception of the stables which has lost parts of its roof and walling. All are post and truss construction, with timber-framing and weatherboard cladding, on brick plinths. Two of the 19th-century buildings have brick-built rear walls. All associated yards and external partitions have been removed and the area landscaped over.
6.2 Barn 1 (figs. 5, 6a & 6b, plates 1-9)
Barn 1 is located in the south-east corner of the farmyard on a west to east alignment. Most recently it was used for general storage purposes and previously as a grain store, as shown by its timber-lined interior. The interior is dry and well-preserved, although some of the original bay posts have suffered from rot. Some water penetration has occurred at the junction of the central bay and porch.
The barn is believed to be the oldest surviving building in the group, dated to the late16th/early 17th century. The porch, which is similar in construction to the main build, is of slightly later date (Colchester 2002) and was most likely part of a redundant barn reassembled in the 18th-century when the height of Barn 1 was increased by adding a second level of primary-braced wall framing. A 19th-century (1838-1875) enclosed lean-to (1a) infills the north-west corner. The early plan form is typical: a rectangular three-bayed structure with (roughly) central porch which, in this case, extends into the east yard. Its original dimensions were 6.2 x 13m (approximately 2 yards by 2 rods and 2 feet).
As there are no wattle marks for daub panelling on the framing, it is assumed the barn was originally either lime-plastered or weatherboarded, as it is now.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
The frame rests on a low (0.25m-high) red brick plinth comprising soft reds arranged in English bond and set in a lime mortar. Brick dimensions are fairly constant at 220 x 105 x 60- 65 mm (8� x 4 x 2�"). The bricks are regular in shape with sharp arises. Their character (lack of impressions, crease marks or kiss marks) suggests a Victorian date, probably when the plinth was inserted to help preserve the sill beam. This is probably also the case with the other barns which display similar brickwork plinths. Lower sections of weatherboard have been removed around the exterior to repair and replace areas of rotten beam.
Large wagon doors are positioned in tall square frames along the line of the central bay threshing floor facing onto the yard (north) and road (south) (plates 2 & 3). The latter led to fields on the other side of the road in Felstead parish. Smaller later features/apertures include an inserted west door into the west wall of the porch, a blocked weatherborded window or hatch along the long wall of the lean-to and an inserted fixed six pane ovolo- moulded window in the east elevation, facing the farmhouse garden (figs. 5 & 6).
The roof is hipped and gabled at the long ends and porch, with a shallow 40� pitch. Where it extends over lean-to 1a, this forms a catslide roof. Corrugated asbestos sheeting covers the roof, the rebuilding of which may be contemporary.
The barn is divided into three bays with a single porch bay to the north and wagon doors either end of the middle bays (fig. 5). The three-bay type is a basic plan form, providing a central threshing floor and storage areas for the harvested shreaves and threshed straw. A concrete floor is a later feature, perhaps contemporary with conversion to grain store. At the same time the internal plinth was probably rendered in cement and the wall framing partially clad in pine board to prevent grain loss.
The west and middle bays are approximately 3.5m-wide, while the east bay is wider at 5m, creating extra storage space this end, rather than being a separate phase. Bay width was altered slightly after the porch and new central bay posts were added in the 18th- or 19th- century (fig. 5).
In the interior the walls are lined-out in 6� horizontal pine planking above the sill plate, to a height of 1.75m above floor level, obscuring up to half the timber-frame. In extension 1a (post-1838) the whole frame is obscured.
Consecutive phases of barn construction are shown by clear changes in the timber framing, which can be seen in plates 4-8, and particularly in plates 6-8. The original, late 16th/early
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
17th-century, barn was built with jowled bay posts and wide pegged close studding with nailed and trenched bracing. Judging from its design, the porch was added soon after. In the 18th, or possibly early 19th-century, the walls were heightened by adding a narrow studded primary braced upper register onto the wall plate. Evidence remains on the long north and south walls (plates 6-8) but on the end gables the studwork to this phase has mainly been removed. However, full primary bracing inserted between original rail and wall plates (plates 4 & 5) survives. The machine-sawn tie beams and crude bolted knee braces are attached to bay posts contemporary with the installation of the porch on the north side (plates 4, 5 & 8) and inserted cripple posts in the upper register on the south side (plate 7). The roof framing is 19th-century in date with areas of 20th-century rebuilding, likely to be contemporary with the corrugated asbestos cladding.
The original jowled bay posts in the lower register are c.15cm square up to the original wall
plate (approximately 2.6m high). Some of the jowls are gently swelling while others are more regularly cut. Variations such as these are due to the character of the grain rather than changes in style (B. Watkin pers. comm.). In fact the north wall has both styles (fig. 6a). Original wall framing comprises studs 15cm�wide, and between 40 and 55cm apart. Trenched, slightly curved, internal braces reach across the studs to mortice holes inside the bay posts. Some have been cut back or removed (plate 7). Simple side-halved scarf joints are visible in the sill and top plates (fig. 5). Although examination was difficult in places, they did not appear to be bridled; evidence for a post-1600 date. Trenched internal braces have been replaced, cut back, or removed, leaving stub ends or empty trenches (fig. 6a). These were removed during the heightening phase when replacement studs were added. The common factor is that the later studs are lapped over and nailed to the outer face of the horizontal timbers, rather than pegged. The original tie beams were removed too, and new ones carried either side of the midstrey on cripple posts.
The porch (plate 8) is constructed in the same c.17th-century form as the original build, with pegged studwork and trenched bracing of identical dimensions yet, as it is not jointed to the original jowled bay posts, is interpreted as a slightly later addition. Indeed, it is tenon jointed to the 19th-century midstrey posts that abut the jowled ones (fig. 6a). This may suggest an earlier porch was installed in this later, third phase.
Cripple pieces stood on top of the wall plate represent the c.1.3m roof raise. They have similar dimensions to the bay posts but are not jowled. The frame construction is markedly different in the upper register, comprising nailed primary-braced timbers at least 5cm thinner than those in the lower register.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
The gable ends were rebuilt in primary bracing between the two registers in the 18th-century. Close inspection showed the studs and central posts to be lapped and nailed to the outer faces of the horizontal beams, like those inserted in the long side walls. Many, if not all, the original studs on the west gable wall have been replaced with thinner specimens out of line with the cogged originals (fig. 6a, plate 4). The same is true of the east gable (plate 5) which retains few, if any, original elements. Here the gable was rebuilt above the wall plate using machine-sawn studs, possibly when lean-to 1a (plate 8) was added in the north-east corner, possibly with a new trenched purlin roof in the 19th-century. The collar on the east end is more rudimentary in style, simply a nailed plank over the studs, rather than trenched into the rafter like that at the opposing end. Machine-sawn plank tie beams span either side of the central bay supported on bolted knee braces attached to cripple pieces on the south wall and tall 19th-century bay post replacements opposite, either side of the midstrey gap (fig. 5, section A-A1). 19th-century tall wagon doors have been added either side. The north door appears to be housed within a contemporary frame.
Carved and well-scripted graffiti from 1826 is evident on the south-east midstrey post (plate 9). It indicates the date when a floor was laid, a predecessor to the existing concrete floor, as concrete was not universally adopted until after 1860 (History of Concrete 2005). The graffiti reads:
�P. Page Laid This Floor May 1826�
P. Page was not identified during the documentary stage, but as literacy levels were low amongst farm labourers in the early 19th-century, is likely to have been the owner or tenant before the Brunwin family. More, though less distinct graffiti was recorded around the west door to barn 2.
The posts between porch and midstrey butt up against the jowled posts in the main body of
the structure (fig. 6a). In essence the framing is the same, yet here the studs are narrower (c. 12cm) and the gap between them wider and more uniform at 40cm. The trenched bracing is noticeably more curved too, though this is more likely due to the nature of the timber available at the time. It is the same height of the later 18th-century wall plate, which may argue the barn was built up to this level at this time. However, this is difficult to prove when the porch is attached to 19th-century posts rather than the 18th-century frame. Therefore it could be argued that the feature was added in the 19th-century, perhaps when the floor was laid; as recorded in graffiti on the post. This would mean the porch was rebuilt from an earlier barn and inserted either with the roof raise or when the wagon doors were inserted in c.1826.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
These ledged and battened wagon doors open outwards to the yard, but when closed are
fixed by short chain over iron rings mounted on the draw bar (fig. 6b). Where the porch opened out onto the yard, numbered rebates on the door jambs show the positions of a �leap�. When in use, leap boards were inserted across the threshold to keep animals away from the threshing floor. They are a common feature of 19th century barns. The boards remain in situ, with corresponding Roman numerals from I to V on the planks and grooves either side (fig. 6b). Original studs have been removed either side of the porch to create doors into extension 1a and access into the yard (fig. 6b). The machine-sawn roof timbers suggest a 19th or early 20th-century rebuild of the porch along with the main body of the barn.
The roof framing is a basic clasped purlin type with ridge plank and piece, a typical 19th- century form. There are no reused timbers.
Barn 2 (figs. 7, 8a & 8b, plates 1, 10-19)
Following the preliminary visit, it was suggested that Barn 2 was broadly contemporary in date to Barn 1 (Colchester 2002). The main body was dated to the third quarter of the 16th- century with a 17th-century extension (2a) to the north. Unlike Barn 1, it appears the porch was part of the original build. According to build and map evidence, a small extension (2b) was added in the 19th-century, perhaps to hold tools or feed. In the 20th-century, the hipped north side, containing the 17th-century extension, was opened up, probably to accommodate farm machinery. 6.3
Its position, perpendicular to Barn 1 and the road, and facing onto an early yard, supports a contemporary date. Framing here is however superior, indicating this was the more important of the two. Its basic layout, with one end built longer, mimics Barn 1. The dating suggests Barn 2 could be contemporary with the porch in Barn 1.
Until recently old furniture was stored here and its general condition is good. However, at the time of the survey, the north side of the barn was open and the west wagon doors hanging off the frame. The west side was also covered in ivy. According to the former owner, a rotted wooden threshing floor was removed during his occupancy (R. Jiggins pers. comm.) and the floor is now bare earth. The brick plinth has collapsed in places and the sill beam is partially rotted.
The main structure is orientated on a north to south axis, forming the west side of the post- medieval yard. Its rectangular plan form has an off-centre porch projection extending to the
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
east into the yard (plate 10). The main body of the barn measures 13 x 6.3m, similar to Barn 1. The distance from the long end to the porch is exactly the same and, were it not for the smaller porch on Barn 1, the distance to the south end would also match.
The frame is weatherboarded and set on a 30cm-high red brick plinth the exact size, bond
and character as the plinth in Barn 1. Some rebuilds are apparent, especially on the east side where the plinth has buckled in places where damp has rotted the sill beam. Opposing 19th-century wagon doors are located to west and east, with the east (porch) door built slightly off-centre (plate 11). A small door on the north side of the porch is original, but that beside the wagon door (fig. 8a) is not. Internal evidence shows that the west wagon doors were added in the 19th-century along with grooved door jambs, for leaps, like in Barn 1. Graffiti on the south jamb suggests an 1820 construction date, broadly contemporary with those in Barn 1. The roof has a 50� pitch and is hipped to the south, but gabled to the north where it abuts the 17th-century extension, 2a. The roofs are clad in asbestos sheeting, a common post-war utilitarian roofing material. Timbers to the original north gable are exposed where diagonal weatherboarding has fallen off above the extension (plate 10). Inside are areas of daubing above the wall plate (plate 12) and mortices on the underside that once carried a central post and close studding either side (plate 12). A catslide roof is formed in the south-east corner where extension 2b is located. There are no external entry points into this area.
Timber-framing to the historic extension, 2a, is tenoned directly onto the end posts of Barn 2.
It is lower in height but of equal width. Its length (c.5m) is equivalent to 1 rod. This end was originally half-hipped, but was adapted in the modern period by inserting a short open porch created from long reused timbers, iron brackets and steel flashing. The original hip rafters can still be seen inside (plate 11, left). The aperture was most likely made to admit farm machinery and possibly dates from the same time as the roof was re-clad.
Internally the original barn is four bays long. The central bay threshing floor is the widest (4m), with a single bay to the north (3.5m) and equidistant bays to the south (each c.2.6m). The porch forms a fifth, to accommodate wagons. It is not uncommon for the threshing floor to be the widest bay, to provide extra room for unloading the wagons at harvest time.
The style of timber-framing in Barn 2 is very different to that seen in Barn 1, but there are common factors. The bays are defined by bay posts often with gradually-swelling jowls (25cm square in width) and arch-braced tie beams of equivalent width over. Some tie beams are reused wall plates and some bay posts show signs or reuse.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
Each bay frame section consists of a central post and midrail dividing the frame into four panels. 10 x 15cm-wide close-studding is arranged on both registers, c.30-35cm apart, with parallel trenched bracing to one side only, forming an arched�effect with the connecting bay (fig. 8a, plates 12 end wall). The north bay is the only exception. Here bracing either side of the post forms complete arches in both registers (fig. 8a, plate 17). Facing empty mortices at midrail height (plate 17 right) provide evidence for internal partitioning, perhaps to keep animals away from the threshing floor. Further mortice holes to the north (plate 17, left) show the position of the original rail. In all cases the braces are nailed (with heavy nails) as well as trenched. Such bracing can be seen in all the early buildings on the farm. Empty trenches on the exposed exterior seen from extension 2b indicate the position of external tension braces (fig. 8b, plate 16 left) that would have been a display feature of the whole structure. In some places, such as the former north wall and porch, some daub panels survive. Elsewhere, axe- made cuts on the stud edges indicate the barn had a daubed exterior originally. In parts of the porch, daub has been applied over the frame rather than between, which is unusual, unless it was applied later to repair failed daub. Plates 12, 14 and 15 show these panels and wattles where the daub has failed more recently. A large panel remains in the former north end, above the wall plate, but is in a precarious state (plate 12).
The west door (plate 13, left) is a later 19th-century insertion and it is clear from empty mortices in the wall plate and bay posts either side that this was originally framed. The gap beneath the midrail is not high enough to carry a wagon door (1.4m), but may well have held a smaller opening. Perhaps in the early period before the door was inserted, threshing was only carried out in Barn 1. Carved 19th-century graffiti is evident on the door jambs, the clearest and neatest of which reads �J. Vale 1820� (plate 17) seen on the inside face on the south jamb. A single �B� is scribed beneath in lighter script, and seems unrelated. The north jamb bears the vague legends �Ch(arles) Rayne(r) 18(4)6� with a mark beneath: a triangle on top of a circle (fig. 8a), maybe another�s personal mark. In view of the documentary findings, �Thomas Brunwin 86 August� is perhaps the most interesting graffiti on the north door post. The figure probably refers to 1886, twenty years before the Brunwin estate was sold off.
Carpenters marks are few and are chiselled rather than scribed. Chiselled marks occur commonly from the early 17th-century (Barnwell 1998). Truss II was identified on the first bay from the north, which, disregarding the later Barn 2a, argues for construction from north to south (fig. 8a). The second mark, a IIII to the right of the midstrey (fig. 8a), although running in the right direction and greater in value, does not conform to the sequence. Scarf joints are rare, and where they occur in the south and west sill plates (fig. 8a) are simple side-halved scarf joints.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
The porch appears to be contemporary with the barn. The wagon doors that open to the east yard in Barn 2 are identical to those in Barn 1, with two double-planked leap-boards at the base (plate 17). The bracing is trenched and nailed and tenoned into the post and the studwork pegged, like the rest of the structure. However, there are differences. The studwork is more widely spaced (c.45cm), and that in the gable above the doorway is lapped and nailed over the collar like the later studwork in Barn 1 and Stables 4, but appear not to be replacement. Also, the bracing around the wagon doors is in some cases trenched rather than tenoned into the posts (fig. 8b, plate 17), which may be a later inclusion, also recorded in Barn 3. The jowled corner post at the east end by the wagon door has a square, angular head. The roof here is a later pegged collar trenched purlin type with short nailed wind braces at the door end. In all, the evidence argues that parts of the porch were rebuilt in a later period, possibly contemporary with the Barn 1 roof-heightening and Stables (18th- century).
Barn 2 has a crown post roof with arch bracing from post to crown plate, some of which is removed (plate 18). Alternating foot braces from tie to post in the central bay have also been removed, but all are indicated in section B-B1, fig. 7 and fig. 8a. The rafters are long and sweeping with few replacements and connected by a high nailed and trenched collar above the crown plate (plate 18). In the end (south) bay the crown plate has been sawn through past the tie beam and the post removed. This suggests the roof was rebuilt this end, perhaps from a gabled to a hipped roof. However, the absence of empty mortices on the top face of the south wall plate confirms this was not the case.
Barn 2a is interpreted as 17th-century in date (Colchester 2002) and consists of two irregular bays divided by a sawn-off tie beam (fig. 8a, plate 14). This structure is of lesser quality. Whilst dimensions of the main members and framing are equivalent to those in the main barn, the spacing between the studs varies a good deal, as does the timber quality. Only the two north corner posts are jowled and studwork is missing in places. Bracing is erratic, but again is nailed and trenched to the frame. In contrast to the main barn, the brick plinth is laid in Flemish bond. The plinth is lower than the main structure, the posts butt the end walls on the north side (plate 19, right). Horizontal boarding partially remains on the north studs that may indicate animal usage (plate 19 left), protecting them from sharp edges of the frame. Most of the roof collars in 2a are probably later in date; simply narrow planks nailed across the rafter pairs at sporadic intervals. Those that are original show a clasp purlin roof with rafters similar to those in the main area, pegged and tenoned at the apex.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
Extension 2b (plates 15 & 16) is formed from regular, primary braced machine-sawn timber characteristic of its 19th-century date, braced to the main frame with partly-stripped softwood ties. The open frame between Barns 2a and 2b shows a regular series of nails on the exterior, from removed weatherboarding post-dating the original daub infilling.
6.4 Barn 3 (figs. 9 & 10, plates 20-23)
This small barn (plate 20), situated between Barn 2 and Cartlodge 7, is listed as 17th-century with a later re-roofing. It is therefore broadly contemporary with barns 1 and 2, although this date has not been re-assessed. The building is mentioned in the sales catalogue as �small barn� (Appendix 1). Its size suggests a function as a hay or chaff barn. There is some timber boarding and evidence for a loft, which would support this. Wooden hurdles and timbers are currently stored inside. A modern shed (3a) bridges the gap between the barn and cartlodge (plate 20).
In plan, the barn is oblong, measuring 4.9 x 6.3m, with gables to the road and fronting onto
the yard (fig. 2). The plinth is cement-rendered and the walls weatherboarded. Doorways lead out from the long ends, only one of which, on the west elevation, is original. The north gable contains a hinged hatch (plate 20), currently secured from the outside, which probably fed a hay loft. The roof is pitched at 48� with corrugated asbestos sheeting. Some weatherboarding has become displaced.
Shed 3a is a modern open-fronted storage area with single pitch corrugated iron roof and rear wall also containing timber.
The internal space is a single bay with a 65cm-high internal cement render partially obscuring the north and south frames. Original studwork walling is retained on all sides except for the south wall, which has been rebuilt in primary bracing (fig. 10). The framing is generally cruder than the main barns, uneven in shape, containing more softwood than the preceding barns. However, the studs are still heavy, 10 x 15cm, pegged timbers set widely- apart between 35 and 50cm. Jowled corner posts survive in the north wall (plate 21). The bracing at this end has been removed and only the east side replaced, trenched into the jowl but nailed to the studwork. Otherwise, rebates indicate steep trenched diagonal bracing. The long west and east walls are reinforced by an iron tie bar and have nailed parallel diagonal bracing. Those to the north are trenched (plate 22), although all appear contemporary. The north brace on the east wall was cut through when a door was inserted (fig. 10).
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
The rear (south) wall is constructed from much narrower and waney, closely-spaced (30- 35cm apart), primary-braced studs, contemporary with a gable rebuild both sides; perhaps in the 18th- or early 19th-century, when good quality timber was scarce, but before machine- sawn timbers were widely used. Some horizontal boarding remains on this side (fig. 10, plate 23) and traces remain on some of the other walls as a studwork lining. The posts either side are plain, replaced with the gable walling. Some replaced studs appear in the opposing gable wall (plate 21) and may date to the hatch insertion at this time, and presumably an associated hay loft, although no physical evidence was identified during the survey. It is likely the loft was removed when the roof was built in the 20th-century in a simple collared form, contemporary with its corrugated asbestos covering.
6.5 Stables 4 (figs. 11 & 12, plates 24-33, Appendix 2a)
The stables formed the north side of the 19th-century central yard and are 16th to 17th- century in date, according to the list description, and therefore contemporary in build with the main surviving group, though the build quality in part is relatively poor. However, recent study suggests two distinct builds, the first of which, as an open-sided animal shed, may date to this period. The second build, the stables, appears contemporary in style, but not quality, with the 18th-century framing in Barn 1, and extension 2a and Barn 3.
In the last phase of farm use, the stables were used to keep goats. The crudely constructed adjoining building, 4a (plate 25), was used as a single-bayed goat byre. Its alignment conforms to a range extending eastwards from the stables on the 1838 tithe map and has been built onto the stables on a crude frame.
Prior to the survey, when the frame survey was undertaken, the stables were in a ruinous condition. The building was racking and large sections of weatherboarding missing, especially at the front (south). Panels in the roof were missing here too (plate 24). A photograph taken in 1984 shows the stables before neglect set in (Appendix 2a). During the recent works, the structure was righted by inserting acro-props and bands, which limited access to some extent within the building.
Laid on a west to east alignment, the stables have a five bay rectangular plan form with overall dimensions of 6.2 x 12.9m. Parts of the sill plate have rotted and the plinth wall has collapsed in places (plates 14 & 25). Plinth bricks are identical to those in other plinths, and laid in English bond. The roof is half-hipped with a 50� pitch and clad in corrugated asbestos sheeting. The attached byre to the east is a slightly later addition, the remains perhaps of the pre-1838 north range, largely demolished in the post-war period.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
On the south elevation (plate 24), the stables were entered by two plank and batten doors, recorded in the frame survey (fig. 12) but since removed. A third open doorway is located on the east end, below a six-pane sash window inserted into the gable (plate 25). A second sash is located at the opposing end (plate 24). Their character and proportions are of mid to late-18th century design (Brooking Collection 1997) and appear to be primary insertions. The byre (4a) is crudely built in nailed horizontal and vertical timber planking laid on a light, unfinished frame beneath a gabled, corrugated iron roof (plate 25) on a modern planked frame. The entry point is on the south elevation, at the stable end.
The rear (north) elevation has a long horizontal wall vent below the eaves that has been partly blocked off with corrugated iron sheeting (plate 26). Such open ventilation strips, located on the sheltered side, were also recorded in stables by the FAU at Bury Farm, Epping Upland (Letch pending).
The interior is divided into five bays, which appear to represent two different builds (plate 26). This is based on bay dimensions and comparison of construction techniques on the north wall, which contains the only fragments of framing to the early construction. The two east bays appear to be the primary build to what may originally have formed a two-bayed animal shed, open-sided except for the rear (north) wall, possibly dated to the 17th-century. This was extended to the west and enclosed on all sides in rough primary bracing in a later period, perhaps the 18th-century, to form the stables. The primary build is characterised by 3m-wide bays whose walling comprises evenly sawn studwork widely spaced between 55 and 70cm apart with a solitary nailed and trenched curving brace. Curved trenched and nailed bracing and stout partially pegged studwork means it may be contemporary with Barns 1 and 2, or, based on the sparsity of timber in the build, later addition to the barns and the construction of Barn 3, i.e. the 17th-century.
In contrast, the remainder of the structure is primary-braced in predominantly crooked low- quality timber in a light build. Their low quality means the spacing of the studs is much narrower, between 35 and 55cm, but still, extra bracing has been nailed to walls and roof, along with extra collars. Planks have been nailed on the inner faces of the wall plates too. Such measures have not been effective in keeping the structure upright.
In the secondary build, stud thickness varies from 8 to 12cm and, by and large and only the main structural members are pegged. Many of these are reused. Studs are waney and often roughly-cut. Some studs, especially on the west end of the north wall, are pegged but most
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
are lapped behind the wall plate and nailed from the outside. Pegged studs are usually found in structures of pre-1700 date.
In general terms, only a few side halved scarf joints were recorded and it is likely others are hidden beneath later strengthening rails nailed to the wall plates; only the bay trusses are properly jointed. Bracing is rudimentary and nailed rather than trenched except for the single arch brace to the second west bay, which displays both characteristics (fig. 12, plate 31). Additional later cross bracing is employed over primary bracing for further strength at the east gable end and in the south-west corner (fig. 12).
Mortice holes facing the south on the two end bay posts of the original build (fig. 12) probably held side rails that defined the shed and formed part of a yard extending beyond it. Mortices in the facing bay posts on the south side seem to approximately marry up, although it is possible the south-west post (fig. 12) may be a replacement as it is set a little low and has no evidence for bracing. Rails and bracing were lost during the later extension phase.
Any fixtures for horse stalls no longer remain, the fact that there are two entrances on the
south side, suggests a partition along the line of the two builds, but there is no evidence of associated here. As the structure was not initially built as a stables, it is possible that any stalls/partitions were free-standing rather than jointed onto the frame. Any associated durable stable flooring is absent too, lending doubt to its specified function. In fact the floor in the west bays is completely un-surfaced, while that in the east has a low modern concrete trough, and slightly-sloping concrete floor and gulley, behind where the goats stood (fig. 11, plate 29). Two sets of scales are stored inside as unrelated items.
Partially-stripped pine beams over the east bays may represent the joists to a former hay loft, though there is no further evidence (fig. 11). They are later additions. The roof framing is a mixture of trenched purlin and curved, birdsmouth collar (plate 31), with cleats adding extra support to the purlins. The rafters are consistent through both builds and were probably added as part of the extension, which could be 18th-century in date. Like those in the main barns they are pegged at the apex, and partially supported by nailed diagonal wind braces.
The attached byre, 4a, comprises a partial rudimentary frame of roughly-sawn, mainly bowed timbers and occasional nailed and lapped studwork onto which vertical and horizontal planking of different sizes is attached. Some wall components are no more than split logs. Its basic construction bears little resemblance to the other structures and is therefore difficult to date. It is also difficult to distinguish its original form underneath subsequent repairs, which
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
also removed evidence of its association with the north range, unless the byre was built independent of it but on the same alignment. However, the style of studwork and method of attachment, though cruder, suggest a comparable date to the erection of the stables, i. e. 18th-century.
Inside Byre 4a the floor is rough and earthen with traces of bedding. In the south-east corner
is a hay rack (plate 32) and a large area of lath and plaster within the west gable, which is built onto the eastern end wall of the stables (fig. 12), proving the stables were perhaps initially, lime-rendered. At a later stage this was removed and replaced in weatherboarding. Plate 33 shows the remaining plaster and former evidence for removed studs beneath external weatherboarding inside of the byre.
6.6 Granary 5 (fig. 13, plates 34-36)
The granary is a single bay 5m-square building located in the north-east corner of the east yard, close to Outbuildings 6 (fig. 1). It is in good condition externally, but inside large areas of lime plaster has failed and fallen away. Until recently, like Barn 2, this functioned as an ad hoc furniture store.
The granary (plate 34) was built between 1838 and 1875. It is raised from the ground by six 0.6m-high iron staddles manufactured by the local firm of �GOSS & PEENE RAYNE� (plate 35). Edward Goss had a foundry at Street Farm in 1838, just to the east of Haverings (ECC Field Archaeology Group 1997). By 1875 the Rayne Foundry was established close to the farm (fig. 4), which may have traded under this name. The main structure is timber framed and weatherboarded, with a single plank and battern door to the south accessed via a short wooden stair, stored below the structure. The interior is lit by a small six-light ovolo-mullioned window located centrally to the north; a later insertion over an original vertical iron-mullioned vent (plate 36, right). The roof has a shallow 34� pitch, gabled to west and east and retaining original slates. It has been re-felted in recent years.
Inside, the floor is lined with thick 19cm-wide boards, providing a strong secure base to hold
the stored grain. The walls are primary braced in machine-sawn timber-framing, with lath and plaster between the studwork up to the wall plates and flared skirting to the floor (plate 36), to limit grain loss. Studs are tenoned to the wall plates above, but at the bottom are kept in position between the plaster skirting with a low plank. Above, the eaves are blocked with brick and plaster over to prevent bird entry. The main timbers are pegged and only a few studs show signs of reuse. Crude curving tie beams span the distance either side of the door, towards the window, with a nailed trenched purlin roof frame above (fig. 13 section).
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Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
6.7 Outbuildings 6 (fig. 14, plates 37-50)
A three outbuilding range stands at the east of the site, arranged roughly south to north, on the boundary of the east yard and the farmhouse garden. According to the map evidence they are 19th-century in date, contemporary with the Granary and Cartlodge and not 18th- century as the list description suggests. Their built characteristics are the same, being contemporary in construction. Remarkably, they appear to relate directly to structures mentioned in the 1906 sales catalogue. The main part, 6a, was converted to a garage for the farmhouse, probably in the early 1980s, and, coincidentally, originally housed the farmer�s family�s personal transport. Logically, structure6b to the south is the harness room/workshop mentioned in the catalogue. 6c to the north is probably a hen house/implement store, close to the granary. At the time of the survey, Outbuildings 6a and 6b were being used by the tenants of the farmhouse to store various household items.
Outbuildings 6a and 6c form a rectangle in plan 12.2 x 5m. 6b forms a smaller 3.5 x 6m rectangle to the south. The west elevations are weatherboarded, set on a low 20cm brick plinth. The plinth carries relatively large red bricks (70 x 110 x 230mm/2� x c.4� x 9�) laid in English bond in a lime mortar. The other three elevations are completely brick-built in Flemish bond in an orange brick of similar proportions. The roofs are slated and, except for the south end of 6a, which joins to 6c, hipped with a 40� pitch. A representative section, based on 6b, is shown as section G-G1. All internal partitions are timber-built. As the three elements of building 6 are independent of function, they are described separately below.
6.7.1 Chaise House/Nag�s Stable 6a
The chaise house is mentioned in the 1906 sales inventory accompanied by nags stable. A chaise was a light two-wheeled carriage usually with a folding canopy (Proctor 1985) used by the farmer�s family and was thus positioned close to the house with access to the road rather than to the farmyard. At Haverings there is also room for a second carriage.
The main central structure has a large modern galvanised steel garage door over most of the west elevation, facing onto the yard (plate 37). A listed water pump (plate 38) stands immediately to the north (fig. 1). The rear (east) wall contains a stable door and two pairs of double cart doors, contemporary in style with those in the barns, which open onto a modern granite sett hardstanding to the side of the farmhouse (plate 46). The stable door to the south (plate 39) has wooden vents over the head, indicating the nag�s stable, though no stable fittings were recorded internally. Between 1875 and 1897, according to map evidence, the main south fa�ade of the farmhouse was extended at first floor level to Outbuilding 6, over the stable entrance (plate 39).
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Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
The interior (plates 40 & 41) is divided into two 4m-long bays, dividing the wagon space from
the horses. The former partition wall was probably removed when the garage was created and concrete floor added. The partition is represented by remains of a limewashed weatherboarded wall, left in the gable when the main bottom section was removed. The sawn off battens on the tie beam can be seen in plate 40. Limewash is alkaline in nature and was used as an animal hygiene measure. The tie beam is reused and rather narrow at 8cm. Crude rebates on the face (plate 40, centre) show housing to former trenched braces similar to others in earlier buildings on the site. The posts and lintel around the cart doors are reused wall plates. The lintel in particular has mortice holes for studs on its face, while the door jambs have rafter rebates. There are grooves either side of the stable door for leap boards and the vent above can be closed using a hinged wooden board (plate 41).
Wall-framing, where it is not removed (at the garage door) or hidden by modern pine panelling (fig. 14), is primary braced with 7cm-wide machine�sawn timbers, typical of late 19th-century construction, with some rougher-cut studs that still retain bark. Roof framing consists of a simple nailed clasp purlin with ridge piece and plate, common to all outbuilding elements.
From the south side, an open doorway leads into the harness room/workshop and a half- heck door provides external access to the yard (plate 41).
6.7.2 Harness Room/Workshop 6b
Adjoining the Nag�s Stable to the south by a timber partition and doorway, this is a small 3.5 x 6m integral building. There are remains of an original plastered interior.
The most interesting external features are two iron-framed leaded casement windows fixed
to wooden frames on the main west elevation. According to the previous owner, Mr. Jiggins, these originated from a 17th-century cottage. They flank the external doorway to the yard (fig. 14, plate 37) and are in a poor state, with most of the glass missing and lead contorted. This is why additional glazing has been inserted behind them to keep the weather out. Their style and fixtures are indeed similar to wrought iron designs of the 17th-century (Brooking collection 1997). FAU glazing expert, D. Smith, corroborated the 17th century date and through glass weight was able to speculate which was the earliest. The north window (plate 42) comprises two lights containing 18oz glass with lead ties onto the frame (D. Smith pers. comm.). Thin horizontal bars provide a fixed frame for a missing window on the north light. The bars have a flat end nailed to one side of the frame and a pointed end that goes into a small hole the other side (plate 41). The adjoining casement activates on a pair of central
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
hinges by pushing a curved internal iron handle at the base (plate 42) and contains eight mainly contorted leaded glass panes.
The second inserted window, to the south (plate 43), is three-light and displays similar characteristics. However, here the glass is thinner at only 9oz, which implies an earlier date (D. Smith pers. comm.). The lead panes are attached to the frame with both lead and copper ties. Copper ties are later in date. Only the central light is hinged. It opens by using thin curly handles, more slender than those in the north window, at the bottom and side (plate 43). These fixtures are also conducive to the 17th-century date (Brooking Collection 1997). Behind the wooden frame are two larger, later, 30-pane leaded casement windows, nailed in position. They also have curved opening fixtures, to the centre and the base, and are best viewed from the interior (plate 44).
Inside, the primary wall and roof framing are identical to the main structure. Some of the rafters have bark remaining. Areas of lath and plaster remain between the light framing. To the south is an obscured workbench and hooks for harnesses on the end wall (plate 45).
6.7.3 Hen House/Tool Shed 6c
A hen house and tool store are structures mentioned in the 1906 sales catalogue, though not in relation to each other or to the outbuilding range. It forms the north end of outbuilding 6 and appears not to have been used since the farm closed. Its location close to the granary and areas of adjacent overgrowth made external photography difficult. Therefore part of the original elevation is reproduced as plate 47. Interior shots were also difficult due to its small size.
Wooden grilled vents at the top of the west elevation and diamond-patterned ventilation holes in the brickwork on the east elevation (plate 47) show this small 5m square structure was used to keep animals. A low vertical-sliding hatch at the bottom of the west elevation (plate 47) is the right size for chickens, offering access onto the yard during the day. The larger adjacent door was used to collect the eggs.
The main external doorway is situated on the hipped, north side (fig. 14) beneath a flat- headed arch. Once inside (plate 48), it is clear this led into a separate area, indicated by a slatted axial partition supported on a studwork frame. This is an original feature, built between the internal gable and single tie beam (plate 49). The portion below, whose base sat in a shallow gully beneath, is missing; removed when its original function ceased, to create a
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
single, utilitarian space. The flooring materials change either side of the screen, from brick to the west (hen house) to concrete to the east.
The surrounding studwork is, again, primary braced. The partition wall between 6c and 6a retains much limewashed lath and plaster between the studs. The inner west wall, containing the two doorways, fixtures relating to the hen house already discussed externally displays bare weatherboarding. Plate 50 shows a side-halved scarf joint on the sill plate below the hen hatch and a second at the opposite end.
In the tool area, various old saws, wooden pulleys and other equipment hang from nails, probably not used since before the farm closed.
Cartlodge 7 (fig. 9, plates 51-56)
Cartlodge 7 formed the south side of the 19th-century yard, along with Barn 3. In the early 20th-century (pre-1923), Shed 7a was built onto it, probably contemporary with the attachment to Barn 3 (Shed 3a). Odd timbers, cart wheels and other items occupy the space inside. 6.8
The structure is built in a mixture of brick and primary-braced timber-framing under a shallow pitched 35� slate-covered roof, gabled to east and west. The north elevation (plates 20 & 51) is open-sided, facing onto the former yard. The four internal bays are represented by 20cm- thick bay posts with arch bracing from post to tie beam to support cantilevered eaves (section D-D1, fig. 9). The posts are set into concrete and have nailed angled wooden bases on the front to deflect damage from carts or animals (plate 51). The posts, braces and projecting parts of the tie beams are tarred against the elements
The gabled west and east elevations are timber-framed and weatherborded, standing on a 30cm-high brick plinth constructed from lime-mortared soft reds in Flemish bond. The bricks are large, measuring c.70 x 110 x 230mm (2� x 4�x 9�), the same as those in the south (rear) elevation. A modern door leads into shed 7a, cut through the timber framing (fig. 9).
On the south side, the road-facing elevation is brick-built on a stepped 70cm-high plinth. A pattern of three alternating open and closed diamond shapes provide dark header decoration (plate 52).
Inside, the four bays are indicated by evenly-spaced pegged and bolted king post strut trusses (plate 53) set at c.3m-wide intervals. The primary bracing is machine sawn to
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
dimensions of c.7.5 x 13cm and there is a bare earth floor. There are Baltic timber marks on
the west face of the west tie beam (fig. 9, plates 54 & 55) and the central truss has more modern graffiti �WO� and �EA� (see archive). The internal east wall contains sawn-off diagonal struts that once supported shelving or hay racks (plate 56). The extant overhead water tank in the background to plate 56 is a later feature.
Shed 7a is a simple one bay primary braced structure built onto the west wall of the cartlodge, with corrugated iron clad roof, gabled to east and west. The side walls are weatherboarded and built from machine-sawn primary braced timbers, except for the north side, which is open onto the yard. The floor is unmade and the roof frame simple and collared. Contemporary with shed 3a, it has recently been filled with old timbers (not from the site) to be reused in the new build.
Shed 8 (fig. 1, plate 34, Appendix 2b)
A derelict shed lies to the north of granary 5 and was partially recorded before demolition to complete the record of the site. The former function is unknown and it is not listed, but its existence on the 1875 OS Map (fig. 4) dates it to the main phase of improvement at Haverings. It is surrounded on all sides by thick overgrowth (brambles, shrubs, etc.) and part of the roof has collapsed, making external recording difficult and internal recording impossible. 6.9
This weatherboarded structure lies on an east to west alignment and consists of three bays.
The open-sided lean-to of the west bay (Appendix 2b) no longer remains and the middle open-sided bay has lost its end wall and entire roof. The eastern bay is largely intact, although the roof is unsafe and the area around it heavily overgrown. It is separated by a partition wall with single internal access. Part of a high central wood-slatted ventilation grill remains and a possible entrance to the east, though this is unclear. The roof has pantile cladding.
7.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING (fig. 15)
A large area in the centre of the site was stripped of topsoil to expose the underlying subsoil using a mechanical excavator under archaeological supervision. The topsoil layer (context 3) was very loose and surprisingly shallow at only 80mm. Underneath lay an undulating dumped layer of modern overburden containing rubble and concrete mixed in with redeposited topsoil and natural clay, sand and gravel, which varied from 0.10 to 0.30m in
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
depth. Such a mixture of deposits and shallow nature of the topsoil indicate drastic landscaping works on the site in the 20th-century, associated with the demolition and clearance of 19th-century farm structures and yard surfaces when obsolete. The overburden was machined away to reveal the natural soil, truncated by areas of rubbley modern intrusions. The natural was mainly clay and flint with some sandy gravel outcrops. No archaeological deposits or features were encountered in the stripped area.
Following the ground clearance, a service trench was excavated across the centre of the site (fig. 15) a further 0.5m below the clearance/natural level. The remainder of the watching brief trenches were subsequently dug to a similar depth for temporary roadways around the site. A single archaeological feature, a late 13th to 14th-century domestic rubbish pit (context 1) was discovered on higher ground just to the north of the Cartlodge (fig. 15). The pit was sub- rectangular in shape and fairly large (1.60 x 1.90m). Its depth was recorded as 0.66m and it is likely to have been truncated by later landscaping. In section, the pit had gradually-sloping sides and a flat base. Its sandy silt fill contained large angular stones and charcoal flecks and a relatively large assemblage of pottery sherds from seven cooking pots. A single residual sherd of prehistoric pottery in the fill suggests hitherto unknown activity from this earlier period. Details are given below. Details of artefacts recovered from the pit are provided as Appendices 3 and 4 at the end of the report. No further archaeological remains were identified during groundworks monitoring.
7.1 General finds by Joyce Compton
Finds were recovered from one context, representing the fill of a single pit. The material has been recorded by count and weight, in grams; details can be found in Appendix 3. The largest component is pottery, amounting to 309 sherds, weighing 2586g. All of the pottery is medieval, except for a single flint-tempered body sherd of prehistoric date. The medieval pottery forms the subject of a separate report (7.2).
Other categories of finds were recovered in small numbers, comprising an iron nail, small fragments of animal bone, mainly sheep/goat and domestic chicken, brick or daub fragments, roof tile, and lava quern fragments. Fragments of unworked limestone and two pieces of charcoal were discarded following recording.
The lava quern fragments are chipped and worn, but the pecked surface survives on at least three of the pieces. They may belong to mill-stones rather than hand querns, but the pieces are too fractured for certain identification. The quern fragments are medieval.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
Roof tile is notoriously difficult to date empirically, but the fragments appear to be post- medieval, although one piece is sandier and darker in colour, and this is more likely to be medieval.
The finds are characteristic of rubbish disposal, although the quantity of pottery compared to other finds categories is interesting. It is usual however, to find oyster shells and larger amounts of animal bone in rubbish pits of this date as part of a wider assemblage of domestic rubbish. All of the material has been retained, except the charcoal fragments and natural stone, as noted above.
7.2 Medieval pottery by Helen Walker
The pottery, a total of 309 sherds, weighing 2586g was recovered from the totally excavated fill (2) of pit 1. The pottery is quite fragmented, but unabraded, with many joining sherds. The remains of seven coarse ware cooking pots were found (Appendix 3, Table 3).
Other pottery found in the pit comprises:
� Sherds from a sandy orange ware vessel with a very abraded, pitted external surface,
showing the remains of a brown glaze
� A sandy orange ware sherd from a second vessel showing a partial dark green
crazed glaze
� A medieval coarse ware thick-walled flat base about 70mm in diameter and carinated
body sherd from same vessel, orange-brown with buff external surface and grey core where vessel walls are at their thickest, perhaps from a bottle
The different types of medieval coarse ware are difficult to distinguish, but three of the cooking pots have been identified as products of the Hedingham kilns situated in north Essex. Four of the cooking pots are around the average size, with rim diameters of between 220 and 240mm. The remaining three are very small and thin-walled measuring between 130 and 150mm in diameter. The smaller cooking pots are wheel-thrown as evidenced by throwing rings, the larger examples were probably also wheel-thrown, although their method of manufacture is less obvious.
The cooking pots with identifiable assigned rim codes can be dated according to Drury�s typology of cooking pot rims in central Essex (Drury et al. 1993, 81-4). Drury considers the H1 rim type was current throughout the 13th century (but may have continued into the 14th century), and the H3 and E5A rims are datable to the late 13th to 14th centuries. The rounded shape of the complete cooking pot profiles is also consistent with a late 13th to 14th
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
century date (Cotter 2000, 94). The sandy orange ware is undiagnostic but could be contemporary with the cooking pots. All the cooking pots are sooted to some degree, showing that they were indeed used for cooking, or some other household purpose requiring heating. The fact that Hedingham coarse ware is present, and that some of the rim and body shapes are comparable to vessels found at Castle Hedingham and Pentlow Hall near the Suffolk border, may indicate a north Essex sphere of influence for this pottery.
8.0 DISCUSSION AND PHASING
The development of Haverings Farm is represented by five main construction phases spanning the late 16th to 20th-centuries. In addition, the discovery of the late 13th to 14th- century domestic rubbish pit suggests this farmstead has earlier origins. However, as there is no surviving medieval structural evidence, this has not been included as a phase in its own right.
The suggested phasing is based on a number of factors: the list descriptions, observations
by ECC Historic Buildings staff during an earlier visit, old maps and observations made during the building recording survey. The major timber-framed buildings, the three barns and stables, are dated on their built characteristics and are therefore rather broad in scope. The other buildings, built in the 19th-century when maps were more detailed and frequent, were the easiest to phase. Thanks to the 1906 sales catalogue it has been relatively easy to assign functions to many of the extant structures. It has not been as easy to do the same with the many Victorian buildings demolished some time ago. However, for this period, cartographic resources and overall trends in British agriculture have been particularly useful. This development is summarised as follows:
Phase 1: Late 16th-century: In the pre-improvement period, the only permanent structures
on farms tended to be barns and stables. Barn 1 is dated to the late 16th to early 17th- century and Barn 2 to 1575-1600. They form an L-shape plan and are contemporary remnants of a planned early post-medieval farmstead, the full extent of which is unknown. Due to later roof alterations in the 18th and 19th-centuries, it is not known whether Barn 1 originally had a crown post roof like Barn 2. Barn 2 may have been used for livestock originally and only later for grain processing. Although of lesser build quality to the barns, the open-sided primary construction of Stables 4 may belong to either this phase or, more probably, phase 2, before remodelling in phase 3 into its current form.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
By definition, any temporary buildings no longer remain. According to the list description, Haverings Farmhouse has a 17th century or earlier rear wing, perhaps part of a farmhouse contemporary with the barns in this phase. Further elements from this date may remain beneath its 19th-century render.
Phase 2: 17th-century: Phase 2 marks the beginning of gradual development of the farm leading to rapid change in the mid-late 19th-century. The porch is added onto Barn 1, to create more space away from the storage areas either side. Barn 2 has a short hipped extension added to the north, 2a. Barn 3 is built to the west of the main group, producing a more dispersed plan form that develops further in the following phase. Its size is conducive to a function as a hay or chaff barn, with loft space over, fed by a gable hatch. The initial phase of Stables 4 as an open-side animal shed is probably contemporary with this layout.
In the early phases the farm was mixed. Harvested crops were brought in from the surrounding fields through large wagon doors to Barns 1 and 2 for processing and storing. Livestock was accommodated in the open-sided animal shed, later to become Stable 4, and possibly other �temporary structures�. The animals were grazed on pasture close by. Hay for bedding was kept in Barn 3, whose proximity to Barn 2 suggests a dual function including livestock.
Phase 3: 18th to early-19th-century: The height of Barn 1 is increased to add extra storage capacity, and earlier truss detail thus lost. The open-sided animal shed was probably enclosed and extended to the west in primary bracing to create Stables 4, fronting a second yard to the north-west. The lapped studwork seen here is the same as in Barn 1, although the quality of timber and build is inferior. The Stables join to a contemporary north range facing onto three south yards with direct access to the facing yard. Byre 4a remains from this range. The east yard is the largest, located between extension 2a and the farmhouse boundary.
Phase 4: mid to late 19th-century (1838 to 1875): In 1838 the Brunwin family are recorded
as tenants of Haverings Farm, leasing it from the trustees of the owner, Thomas Murray. When the estate was settled, they become the owners, not only of this farm, but also of other estate farms in the area. During their ownership they instigated a period of �improvement� in keeping with the prevailing trends and attitudes of the golden age of agriculture. The farmstead was enlarged, whilst retaining many of the earlier structures. The three yards were reconfigured to create a more regular courtyard pattern and shelter sheds and loose boxes arranged around the west yard. A fourth yard was created to the rear of Barn 2 and a small
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
chicken run between Granary 5 and Henhouse 6a (fig. 4). The rest of Outbuilding 6 (with first floor farmhouse extension), Cartlodge 7 and Shed 8 also formed part of the 19th-century planned farm. The brick plinths to the earlier barns were probably built or rebuilt at this stage.
In this phase, the emphasis was placed on livestock rearing to compensate the fluctuating price of corn. With many of the Victorian stock buildings no longer standing, the 1906 sale catalogue is the most reliable means to judge the range of animals kept on the farm: cattle, pigs and chickens, as well as horses to work the land. Loose boxes and shelter sheds were built for the cattle around distinct yards, along with stores for feed and implements. The animals continued to graze the pasture land and when in the yards, their manure and straw was collected for use on the fields.
Phase 5: 20th-century: Sheds 3a and 7a were created either side of the Cartlodge in the
early 20th-century. Farming declined and Haverings was used by the Brunwins to keep a large goat herd. During this phase the central area was opened up by removing many of the Victorian ranges. After c.1980 when the Jiggins family took over, the north side of Bran 2a was opened up to hold a combine and the roofs to the early barns and stables were re-laid with corrugated asbestos sheeting (R. Jiggins pers. comm.). Although a less attractive sight than thatch, tile or slate, this durable and practical material has kept the barns dry and prolonged their survival.
9.0 CONCLUSION
As a collection of buildings, Haverings Farm provides an important study group. The structures, as part of a multi-period farmstead reflect carpentry style and building methods from the late 16th- to 19th/20th centuries. As the main farm of the Haverings estate, this was the most important, and probably had the largest acreage and best land. The two main barns are well-built using late-medieval/early post-medieval techniques. The largest and probably earliest of these, Barn 2, retains most of its crown post roof and originally had a fully braced and daubed timber frame fully exposed along the roadside as a display/status piece. These, along with the small barn and stables probably built in the succeeding two centuries, represent gradual, unplanned development. Together, they present a rare example of post- medieval timber-framed buildings. During the golden age of agriculture (1840-70) the Brunwin family improved the farmstead in line with prevailing trends. Ubiquitous utilitarian structures of limited architectural importance were installed to form a more rigid layout of shelter sheds and loose boxes bordering the yards to house the cattle.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
The layout of the post-improvement farm, with stock sheds arranged around yards, conforms
to principles of the mixed �planned� or �model� farm. According to the 1906 sales catalogue, all four yards were used for cattle. There were cattle sheds and houses, a piggery, hen houses and stabling for horses. The west yard was almost fully-enclosed by sheds, the east yard lesser so and the central yard contained a single shelter shed. Cattle could enter the fourth yard from the back of the west yard.
As a social document, the study has demonstrated the opportunities in the 19th-century for tenant farmers such as the Brunwins (who were probably fairly well off anyway) to accumulate large land holdings of their own. In many way Haverings is typical of Essex farms during the period of high farming where useful earlier structures were retained and incorporated into the newly-built yards. Often only the barn is retained to continue its role and other structures cleared and replaced. Here the 19th-century farm was augmented with the post-medieval buildings whose presence defined the layout of the new yards. The changes recorded at Haverings Farm reflect the broad trends in agriculture of the last 400 years and the historic building analysis here has provided important information on the character and development of the farming group prior to, during, and after the period of Victorian �high farming�.
Although limited to the discovery of a single medieval pit, the results of the archaeological monitoring of groundworks associated with the re-development of the former farm complex indicate an earlier phase of occupation at Haverings Farm. This is often suspected of many such Essex farmsteads, but seldom substantiated by tangible remains. The Haverings Farm pit and its rubbish fill therefore give small, but significant, insights into the likely origins and nature of historic farmsteads that remain in the present-day landscape.
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to Roger Brown and Nigel Mills of Park Hill Housing, for their interest and cooperation and to Mr. Jiggins for his information on recent history. Also thanks to Brenda Watkin for providing information on construction technique and phasing, and to staff at the Essex Records Office for their assistance. Fieldwork, recording and photography were undertaken by the author with the help of Dave Smith of ECC FAU. Illustrations were drawn by Andy Lewsey and the author. The site was monitored on behalf of ECC HEM by Vanessa Clarke, who also supplied the photographs shown in Appendix 2.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alcock, N.W. et al 1996 Recording Timber-framed Buildings: An Illustrated Glossary, CBA, York
Barnwell, P. 1998 Farm Buildings and Perpetual Change, British Archaeology No. 37, CBA, York
Colchester, P. 2002 Preliminary enquiry for proposed conversion of Haverings Farm barns letter to Braintree District Council Planning Services
Cotter, J. 2000 The post-Roman pottery from excavations in Colchester 1971-85, Colchester Archaeol. Rep. 7
Curl, J. S. 1999 Oxford Dictionary of Architecture, Oxford University Press, Reading
DOE 1990 Planning Policy Guidance Note 16: Archaeology and Planning HMSO, London
Drury, P. J., Cunningham, C. N., Kilmurry, K. and 1993 �The later Saxon, medieval and post-medieval pottery�, in Rodwell, W. J. and Rodwell, K. A., Rivenhall: Investigations of a villa, church and village, 1950 - 1977, Chelmsford Archaeol. Trust Rep. 4.2. Counc. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. 80, 78 � 95
Walker, J. S. F.
ECC FAU 1997 Iron Foundries in Essex: Comparative Survey No. 6 (unpub.)
ECC HEM 2004 Brief for the Building Recording and Detailed Monitoring of Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex (unpub.)
ECC Heritage Conservation 2003 Buildings at Risk Register (unpub.)
Branch
English Heritage 1997 The East Anglian Farm-Understanding Listing (English Heritage)
Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Historic Building Record and Archaeological Monitoring for Park Hill Housing
Letch, A. R. 2003 Historic Timber-Frame Survey, Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex (unpub.)
Letch, A. R. 2006 Bury Farm, Bury Lane, Epping: Historic Building Record (ECC FAU unpub.)
Peters, J. E. C. 2003 Discovering Traditional Farm Buildings, CIT printing Services Ltd, Haverfordwest.
Proctor, P. (ed.) 1985 Longman Concise English Dictionary, Longman, Harlow
Reaney, P.H. 1969 The Place Names of Essex, Cambridge University Press
School of Land & Construction Management 1997 The Brooking Collection: Period Windows No. 1 (unpub. University of Greenwich & Kent County Council Conservation Officers Group)
Walker, H. 1991a �Medieval pottery�, inPriddy, D., �Medieval pottery from Maplecroft, Sudbury Road, Castle Hedingham�,Essex Archaeol. Hist. 22, 175 - 6
Walker, H. 1991b �The pottery�, in Andrews, D., �Pentlow Hall�,Essex Archaeol. Hist. 22, 178 - 9
WEA 1977 Rayne: From Early Times to the Present Day (unpub. booklet)
Rayne
Braintree
Rayne
ESSEX
222600
Shed
Granary 5 6c Outbuildings 6
4a
Stables 4
Pump
6a
Havering's Farmhouse
concrete yard 6b
2a
1a
Barn 2
Barn 1
2b
Barn 3
7a Cartlodge 7 3a
S tr eet
T he
0 25 m
1:500
572425 572450 572475
Mapping reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the controller of HMSO. Crown copyright. Licence no.LA100019602.
Fig.1. Site location and block plan
Fig. 2 Chapman and Andre 1777 (plate 8)
Fig. 3 Tithe map of Rayne, 1838
Fig. 4 First edition OS map, 1875 (sheet 25)
A1 wagon doors blocked window
midstray
1a
inserted bay posts
earlier bay earlier bay
division division
Barn 1
wagon doors
A
A A1
original roof
line
cripple piece
inserted bay post
0 5 m
ft
0 15
1:100
Fig.5. Plan of Barn 1 with section A-A1
Extension 2b
B1
former internal
open doorway Barn 2a partition Barn 2
B
B B1
crown plate
foot brace
0 5 m
brick
ft
0 15
1:100
Fig.7. Plan of Barn 2 with section B-B1
hatch in
D gable
inserted modern
doorway
Barn 3
Cartlodge 7 C1
Shed 3a
Shed 7a Baltic timber marks
C
inserted doorway
D1
brick 0 5 m
ft
0 1:100 15
C C1 D D1
rebuilt 20th century roof
hatch
rebuilt gable
joweled post parallel diagonal bracing
inserted brace
original wall framing
later door insertion
concrete render rendered plinth
North wall replaced post East wall
rebuilt 20th century roof
rebuilt primary braced
frame original doorway
concrete render rendered plinth
South wall West wall
timber boarding
0 5 m
ft
0 15
1:100
Fig.10. Barn 3 internal elevations
E1
Byre 4a
feeding trough
sash window
in gable concrete floor
Stables 4 door (sash
window over) hay rack
E
walls largely derelict
E E1
0 5 m
ft
0 15
1:100
Fig.11. Plan of Stables 4 with section E-E1
studs lapped internally daubed gable studs lapped externally
sash window
sash window
cupboard
racking to lower later cross
register
bracing
trough East Wall
West Wall
South Wall
hay loft joists later cross
removed door removed door
bracing
removed door
rotted sill & collapsed plinth brace
North wall
primary bracing
trough
scarf joint brick plinth
facing plate over original trenched brace inserted brace
brace mortices for side rails mortices for side rails
secondary build primary build
0 5 m
ft
0 15
1:100
Fig.12. Stables 4 internal elevations
F1
F
F F1
0 5 m
ft
0 15
1:100
Fig.13. Plan of Granary 5 with section F-F1
6c
Hen house Tool shed
Hen hatch partition ventilation holes
pine panelling
wagon doors
over frame Chaise house
removed partition
G G1
6a
Inserted garage brick
door Nag's stable
brick
stable door
Harness room/ Workshop
G1 G
6b
leaded windows
work bench 0 5 m
ft
0 15
1:100
Fig.14. Plan of Outbuildings 6 with section G-G1
Building 8
Granary 5
4a
Stables 4
Monitored trenches Outbuildings 6 Havering's Farmhouse
6a
Topsoil removed 2a
1a
Topsoil removed Barn 2
Barn 1
Pit 1 2b
Barn 3
7a Cartlodge 7 3a
S tr eet
T he
0 25 m
1:500
572400 572425 572450 572475
Fig.15. Pit 1 and areas of archaeological monitoring
222600
Building 8
Granary 5
4a
Stables 4 Outbuildings 6
Havering's Farmhouse
2a
1a
Barn 2
Barn 1
2b
Barn 3
7a Cartlodge 7 3a
Phase 1: late 16th century Phase 3: late 18th century to early 19th century
Phase 2: 17th century Phase 4: Mid to late 19th century Phase 5: 20th century
572425 572450 572475
Fig.16. Suggested phase plan
Plate 1 Farm group viewed from west
Plate 3 Barn 1 viewed from south-east with barns 2 and 3 in background
Plate 5 Interior of Barn 1 viewed from west, with framing in plate 6 to left
Plate 7 South internal wall of Barn 1 viewed from north-east toward wagon doors
Plate 8 Interior of Barn 1 viewed from south-west showing part of porch and extension 1a
Plate 9 Graffiti dated to 1826 observed on midstrey post
Plate 11 Barn 2 viewed from south-east
Plate 13 Interior of Barn 2 and 2a viewed from south
Plate 15 Barn 2 porch viewed from north-west
Plate 17 Graffiti from 1820 viewed on door post inside Barn 2
Plate 19 East wall frame in Barn 2a showing junction with Barn 2 and cut-through tie beam
Plate 20 Barn 3 and Cartlodge 7 viewed from north-east
Plate 21 Interior of Barn 3 viewed from south-east
Plate 23 Rebuilt south wall inside Barn 3
Plate 25 Stables 4 and Byre 4a viewed from south-east
Plate 27 Interior of Stables 4 viewed from west Plate 28 Interior of Stables 4 viewed from east
Plate 29 Weighing machines on concrete floor with trough behind, Stables 4
Plate 31 Comparison of primary and secondary wall framing in north wall of Stables 4
Plate 33 Original lime render to Stables 4 preserved in adjoining gable of Byre 4a
Plate 34 Granary 5 viewed from south-west with Hen House 6b to right and Building 8 to left
Plate 35 �Goss & Peene� iron staddle to Granary 5
Plate 37 Outbuilding 6 viewed from south-west
Plate 39 Outbuilding 6 viewed from south-east showing vented stable door and wagon doors
Plate 40 Interior of 6a showing former partition between Chaise House and Nag�s Stable
Plate 41 Interior of Nag�s Stable 6aviewed from north with garage door to right
Plate 43 South leaded window on west elevation of Harness Room 6b
Plate 45 Interior of Harness Room 6b viewed from north
wooden ventilation 6
grills
6a
Garage door
6b
hen door into yard entrance to hen house
Plate 47 West elevation of Outbuilding 6
Plate 48 Interior of Hen House 6c viewed from north-east showing lime plaster interior
Plate 49 Remains of vented partition inside 6c
Plate 51 Cartlodge 7 viewed from north-east
Plate 52 Rear of Cartlodge 7 viewed from south-east
Plate 53 Interior of Cartlodge 7 viewed from north-west
Plate 54 Baltic timber marks observed inside Cartlodge 7
Plate 55 Baltic timber marks observed inside Cartlodge 7
Appendix 1: 1906 Sales Catalogue (particulars overleaf)
Appendix 2: Photographs of Haverings Farm taken in 1984
Photograph 2a Stables 4 viewed from south
Photograph 2b Granary 5 and Building 8 from viewed from south
Appendix 3: Finds data
Table 1: Finds by context
Contex t Featur e Coun t Weig ht Description Date
2 1 1 8 Iron nail -
18 14 Animal bone; mandible and rib fragments, molars x 4, all sheep/goat; bird bones x 4; -
fragments
2
1
Charcoal (Discarded)
-
2
28
Brick/baked clay
-
4
216
Roof tile fragment, one with peg hole, one is probably medieval
Med/post med
3
30
Limestone fragments (Discarded)
-
10
990
Lava quern fragments
Medieval
308 2580 Pottery; rim, base and body sherds, many sooted, some with splashes of glaze Medieval
1 6 Pottery; body sherd, flint-tempered Prehistoric
Table 2: Finds list
NB All entries are weight in grams, unless otherwise specified.
TYPE Context No. Pottery A bone Quernstone Iron (no. of objects)
2 2576 16 992 1
Numbers in brackets =Finds discarded
Table 3: Medieval cooking pots from context 2
Fabric Completenes s Rim diamet Rim form Comments
er
Medieval coarse Rim and shoulder 150mm H1 Thin-walled; grey external surface, red-brown internal surface and reddish core; sooted on
ware rim and shoulder; internal surface laminated
Hedingha m coarse Rim 130mm H1 Thin-walled; grey surfaces, orange core; sooting around rim and neck
ware
Medieval coarse Rim and body sherds 220mm H3 Dark grey surfaces, grey core and reddish margins; patches of external sooting
ware
Hedingha m coarse Rim, shoulder and body 220mm H3 Buff surfaces, pinky margins and a pale grey core where vessel walls are at their thickest;
ware sherds sooting around rim edge with sooting also on body sherds
Hedingha m coarse Complete profile 240mm E5A Rounded profile (paralleled in shape by an example from Castle Hedingham, Walker
ware 1991a, fig.13.15); sagging base; height
210mm; pale grey surfaces, buff margins and
reddish core; sooted around girth, also patch of sooting in the middle of the base
Medieval coarse Complete profile 120mm Everted , flat- Rounded profile; sagging base; height 90mm; thin-walled; grey external surface and margin,
ware topped brown-red internal surface and margin; externally sooted, especially the upper half, with patch of sooting in centre of base
Medieval coarse Rim, shoulder and base 220mm Everted , internal Grey-red surfaces, grey core; sooting around shoulder and top of rim, comparable rim forms
ware sherd bevel occur at Castle Hedingham and Pentlow Hall (Walker 1991a, fig.13.3 and 1991b fig.16.9)
Appendix 4: Contents of Archive
1. Introduction
1.1 Brief for works
1.2 WSI
2. Research Archive
2.1 Copy of report
2.2 Copy of report pdf-formatted
3. Site Archive
3.1 Site photographic record (digital images, 120mm and 35mm colour prints and monochrome prints)
3.2 Miscellaneous plans & drawings
3.3 Site notes
3.4 FAU timber frame survey
3.5 Architects drawings
3.6 One box of finds
Appendix 5: EHER Summary Sheet
Site Name/Address: Haverings Farm, The Street, Rayne, Essex
Parish: Rayne
District: Braintree
NGR: TL 7427 2257
Site Code: RAHF 05
Type of Work: Building recording & archaeological monitoring
Site Director/Group: Andrew Letch ECC FAU
Dates of Work: 6th-8th September 2005
Size of Area Investigated: Approx. 750m�
Curating Museum: Braintree
Funding Source: Park Hill Housing
Further Work Anticipated? None
Related EHCR Nos.: EHER 26784, 26780, 26781, 26786, 26784, 26781 & 26786.
Final Report: Summary in EAH
Periods Represented: Prehistoric & medieval (archaeological remains), post-medieval & 19th-century (buildings)
SUMMARY OF FIELDWORK RESULTS:
Multi-phase grade II listed farm buildings were recorded at Haverings Farm prior to conversion to housing and workspace units. The post-medieval structures consisted of two late 16th-century barns, a 17th-century (probable) hay barn and a probable 18th-century stables built around a ?17th-century open animal shed. 19th-century structures recorded were the granary, cartlodge, an outbuilding range and an unlisted, dilapidated, shed.
Haverings was the home farm to the estate and the build quality of many of the early structures reflects this. Barn 2 was the centrepiece, with its exposed daub-panelled frame and crown post roof. Barn 1 was in some ways similar, but any crown post roof was lost in an 18th-century roof extension and its frame was never on display. When built, the Stables were covered in a lime render, which may have helped to strengthen its relatively weak framing.
The built group provides the rare example of four post-medieval timber-frame buildings that survived the changes wrought on the farm through �improvement� during the �golden age of agriculture� (1840-70). In some Essex cases the earlier farmstead was swept away and replaced with entirely new structures, sometimes away from the original setting. In many cases however, the only structure retained was the barn, to process and store the harvest. Instead the old buildings were incorporated with the new around stock yards. The 19th- century buildings were utilitarian in style and of low architectural interest, yet in some cases, the chaise and hen houses, important fixtures and fittings were recorded.
Archaeological monitoring was undertaken on topsoil stripping and excavation of temporary roadways and main service trench. A late 13th-14th century domestic rubbish pit was recorded to the south of the site, suggesting an earlier phase of farmstead occupation. A single sherd of undiagnostic residual prehistoric pottery was also found in the pit, indicating even earlier activity.
Previous Summaries/Reports None Author of Summary: A. R. Letch Date of Summary: 10th March 2006