BOW WINDOWS FARM, RAMPSIDE, BARROW-IN- FURNESS, CUMBRIA
Archaeological Building Recording
Client: Clarkson Properties Planning Ap. Ref.:
6/06/0251
NGR: SD 2398 6625
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd July 2006
Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, 2 Albrights Yard, Theatre Street,
Ulverston, Cumbria, LA12 7AQ
Tel: 01229 588 500
Email: info@greenlanearchaeology.co.uk
Web: www.greenlanearchaeology.co.uk
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 1
Contents
Contents ...................................................................................................................... 1
Non-Technical Summary ............................................................................................. 2
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 2
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Circumstances of the Project ...................................................................... 3
1.2 Location, Geology and Topography ............................................................ 3
1.3 Previous Work ............................................................................................. 3
2. Methodology ........................................................................................................ 4
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Desk-Based Assessment ............................................................................ 4
2.3 Building Recording ...................................................................................... 4
2.4 Archive ........................................................................................................ 5
3. Desk-Based Assessment .................................................................................... 6
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 6
3.2 Background History ..................................................................................... 6
4. Building Recording ............................................................................................ 11
4.1 Setting ....................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Arrangement and Fabric ............................................................................ 11
4.3 External Detail ........................................................................................... 11
4.4 Internal Detail ............................................................................................ 13
5. Discussion ......................................................................................................... 17
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 17
5.2 Phasing ..................................................................................................... 17
6. Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 20
6.1 Primary and Cartographic Sources ........................................................... 20
6.2 Secondary Sources ................................................................................... 21
7. Illustrations ........................................................................................................ 23
7.1 List of Figures ............................................................................................ 23
7.2 List of Plates .............................................................................................. 23
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 2
Non-Technical Summary
A proposal was made to convert derelict agricultural buildings at Bow Windows Farm, Parkhouse Road, Rampside, near Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria into dwellings. After a recommendation by Cumbria County Council Historic Environment Service, Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council placed a condition on planning consent requiring a programme of building recording. This was to comprise a Level 3-type recording and a rapid desk-based assessment. The recording was carried out in May 2006. The outbuildings at Bow Windows are shown on plans as early as 1842, and, although some elements are clearly much earlier in date, it was not possible to directly associate any specific references to them before this date. The site is thought to have been the property of Thomas Hutton, who probably built the original farmhouse in 1654, as shown by a re-positioned datestone. Hutton was probably residing at the site before this date, however, as he was visited at Rampside by George Fox in 1652. Bow Windows may also have a connection to William Wordsworth, who stayed in Rampside, possibly at Bow Windows Farm, in 1794, although it is more likely that he stayed in the house next door, now the Clarke�s Arms. By the beginning of the 19th century the property had been acquired by Thomas Brittain Tolming, a wealthy landowner from Ulverston. From him it passed to his son, the Reverend Thomas Tolming, but following his death it passed in quick succession through several owners.
The building recording revealed five main phase of building and alteration within the outbuildings, the earliest of which possibly relates to the activities of Thomas Brittain Tolming. Extensive alterations and extensions were carried out during the late 19th century and into the early 20th centuries, many of which were related to an increased emphasis on dairy farming.
Acknowledgements
Greenlane Archaeology would like to Tracey Clarkson of Clarkson Properties for commissioning and supporting the project and for supplying information about the site and for providing copies of the �as existing� drawings by her architect Mark Gadsden of M&P Gadsden in Dalton-in-Furness. Further thanks are also due to the staff of the Cumbria Record Office in Barrow-in-Furness, and to Jo Mackintosh, Historic Environment Record Officer at Cumbria County Council, for their help and additional information.
The desk-based assessment was carried out by Jo Dawson, and the building recording was carried out by Daniel Elsworth, who also wrote the report and produced the illustrations. The project was managed by Jo Dawson, who also edited the report.
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1. Introduction
1.1 Circumstances of the Project
1.1.1 An application (6/06/0251) was made by Tracey Clarkson of Clarkson Properties to convert existing agricultural buildings (comprising a former combined barn and shippon and stable) to form dwellings at Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria (SD 2398 6625). After a recommendation by Cumbria County Council Historic Environment Service, Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council placed a condition on planning consent requiring a programme of building recording. After consultation with the Assistant Archaeologist at Cumbria County Council the specific requirements of the building recording were confirmed as an RCHME Level-3 type investigation (RCHME 1996; superseded by English Heritage 2006). A project design was produced by Greenlane Archaeology (see accompanying CD), and following the acceptance of this the recording was undertaken on the 9th and 10th of May 2006.
1.2 Location, Geology and Topography
1.2.1 Bow Windows Farm is situated in the heart of the village of Rampside, approximately 6km south-east of the centre of Barrow-in-Furness (Fig 1). It lies at approximately 7m above sea level (Ordnance Survey 2002). Rampside is situated on the edge of the West Cumbria Coastal Plain, the landscape of which is typically pastoral and comprises an �undulating or gently rolling topography� dominated by pasture but scarred by repeated episodes of industrial activity, in this case principally iron mining (Countryside Commission 1998, 26). The solid geology is dominated by red sandstone of the Penrith Sandstone group, although Bow Windows Farm is situated on the edge of a small area of Permian shales (Moseley (ed) 1978, plate 1). The overlying drift geology is composed of thick glacially-derived tills (Countryside Commission 1998, 27), and large amounts of alluvial sand and gravel are visible in the vicinity of the site.
1.3 Previous Work
1.3.1 Only one previous piece of archaeological work is recorded in Rampside in
the HER, an evaluation carried out between November and December 2000 in advance of the construction of the housing estate situated to the north-west (Matrix Archaeology 2001). This comprised the excavation of five evaluation trenches, and although few features of interest were encountered a large amount of post-medieval pottery, probably originating from the adjoining properties, including Bow Windows Farm, was recovered (op cit, section 7.1).
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2. Methodology
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 The building investigation comprised three separate elements intended to provide a suitable record of the structures, in line with English Heritage standards (English Heritage 2006). In addition a rapid desk-based assessment was carried out in accordance with the project design (see accompanying CD), and a suitable archive was compiled to provide a permanent paper record of the project and its results in accordance with English Heritage and IFA guidelines (English Heritage 1991; Ferguson and Murray n.d.).
2.2 Desk-Based Assessment
2.2.1 A rapid desk-based assessment was carried out. This principally comprised
an examination of early maps of the site, which could demonstrate the basic phasing and development of the buildings. In addition, deeds and other documents relating to the Bow Windows Estate were also consulted in order to establish who the owners and occupiers of the site had been, so that information about the probable use of the buildings could be gathered. Secondary sources relating to the general history of the local area were also examined to provide a historical context for the results of the investigation. A number of sources of information were used during the desk-based assessment:
� The Cumbria Record Office in Barrow-in-Furness (CRO(B)): this was visited in order to examine early plans of the site, deeds and other primary sources, and local and regional histories and directories;
� Clarkson Properties: previous background research carried out by the client
as part of a planning application relating to the farmhouse was also consulted. This comprised a brief report written by the client, photographs, and references to primary sources, which were followed up as necessary and where possible. Photographs taken of the buildings were also examined, and copies are included on the accompanying CD;
� Ulverston Library, Local Studies: secondary sources held by in Ulverston Library�s Local Studies section were also consulted as necessary;
� Greenlane Archaeology: additional secondary sources held in Greenlane Archaeology�s library, used to provide information for the site background, were also examined.
2.3 Building Recording
2.3.1 The building recording was carried out to English Heritage Level-3 type standards (English Heritage 2006). This is a largely descriptive investigation, but with a more detailed level of interpretation of the phasing and use of the buildings, which incorporates evidence compiled during the desk-based assessment. The recording comprised several parts:
� Written record: descriptive records of all parts of the buildings were made using Greenlane Archaeology pro forma record sheets;
� Photographs: photographs in both 35mm black and white print and colour digital format were taken of the main features of the buildings, their general surroundings, and any features of architectural or archaeological interest. A
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selection of the colour digital photographs is included in this report, and the remaining photographs are presented on the accompanying CD;
� Drawings: drawings were produced by hand-annotating �as existing� illustrations of the building provided by the architect. These comprised:
i. plans of all of the main floors, at 1:100;
ii. three cross-sections, at 1:50;
iii. the principal external elevations, at 1:100;
detailed drawings of features of interest, at 1:20.
2.3.2 The buildings being recorded comprised two main elements � a large two- storey combined barn and shippon, and a single storey building described as a stable. iv.
2.4 Archive
2.4.1 A comprehensive archive of the project has been produced in accordance with the project design (see accompanying CD), and current IFA and English Heritage guidelines (Ferguson and Murray n.d.; English Heritage 1991). The paper and digital archive and a copy of this report will be deposited in the Cumbria Record Office in Barrow-in-Furness on completion of the project. Three copies of this report will be deposited with the Cumbria Historic Environment Record, one with the client and one with the client�s architect, and one will be retained by Greenlane Archaeology. In addition, a digital copy will be offered to the NMR and a record of the project will be made on the OASIS scheme.
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Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 6
3. Desk-Based Assessment
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 The background to the site is intended to place the results of the investigation in their local context. More specifically, information regarding the development and use of the buildings, where known, is also presented, which allows a more detailed understanding of the phases of use to be produced. Sections are included on datestones and building plans, occupiers, owners, descriptions of the buildings, and map regression.
3.2 Background History
3.2.1 Early history: although a small number of prehistoric artefacts, principally of Bronze Age date, have been found in the immediate area there is little evidence for extensive settlement in the area during this period (Matrix Archaeology 2001, section 3.1). The place-name evidence suggests a Norse origin (Barnes 1978, 16), and the present settlement at Rampside almost certainly developed in the medieval period. It is first mentioned in 1292, but it may have developed from one of a number of earlier granges established by Furness Abbey prior to 1194 (Matrix Archaeology 2001, section 3.2). Following the dissolution of the monasteries much of the land came into the possession of William Knype, whose son, John, lived at Rampside Hall (ibid). The Knypes were, however, Catholics and Royalists, and so lost much of the estate during the 17th century (ibid). Bow Windows Farm was probably one of the oldest and most significant buildings in Rampside at the end of the 17th century, after Rampside Hall (ibid).
3.2.2 Datestones and building plans: the farmhouse at Bow Windows incorporates a re-used lintel bearing the text �THE 1654� (English Heritage 2001). It is thought that this refers to Thomas Hutton of Rampside, with the �E� being the first letter of his wife�s name, and �1654� being the date of construction of the original house. Hutton was a yeoman farmer (see CRO(B) BD HJ 90/Bundle 23/2 1658), and there are numerous documents connected to him at the Cumbria Record Office in Barrow (see Section 6.1). It is thought that George Fox, the founder of Quakerism, visited the site in the mid 17th century, and he recorded in his journal in 1652 (just before Hutton built the house with the datestone): �Soe I walkt a matter of three miles to Tho: Huttons where Tho: Lawson ye priest lodged yt was convinct: & I could hardly speak to ym when I came I was so bruised� � (Penney (ed) 1911, 61). Thomas Lawson was the vicar for Rampside, who was converted by George Fox to Quakerism following an earlier meeting (Barnes 1978, 67). Lawson became a well- known Quaker preacher and was also later famous as a botanist (ibid). The suggestion that Thomas Hutton was the vicar at Rampside (Honour 2005; Clarkson c2005) is probably mistaken as Lawson was the vicar when Fox visited and Hutton was evidently already living in the area at that time. Subsequent documents (see Section 6) also continue to refer to him as a yeoman until his death on 11th May 1695 (CRO(B) BD HJ 90/Bundle 26/3 1695). There may be some confusion with the late 18th century Reverend Thomas Hutton, the author (Hutton 1781), who from 1764 until his death, was vicar of Burton in Kendal (Hollett and Son 2006, 28). 3.2.3 It is recorded that Thomas Hutton of Rampside conveyed a messuage and tenement at Rampside to his son-in-law, Thomas Rawlinson, when Rawlinson married Hutton�s only child, Dorothy around 1664 (CRO(B) BD HJ 90/Bundle 23/6 1664). However, the buildings are not named at this time, and in 1686 Thomas Hutton is still described as �of Rampside� (CRO(B) BD HJ 90/Bundle 26/1 1686), so it is not clear at what stage or whether the house bearing the datestone 1654 was
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conveyed to Dorothy Rawlinson. However, Dorothy appears to have still been alive in 1695, when her mark appears on documents connected with her father�s probate (CRO(B) Z1903 c1951), and she was in any case her father�s sole heir (ibid). 3.2.4 Since it is not possible to identify the buildings on the site of Bow Windows with any certainty, it is problematic to trace the ownership from Dorothy Rawlinson until the first entry in the Schedule of Deeds for the Bow Windows Estate (dated 1787, see below). Information on the owners is covered briefly below (3.2.9). 3.2.5 Typed mid 20th century manuscript notes record that �A datestone incorporated in the present farm buildings show that they were built in 1802 by �T.T.�� (CRO(B) Z1903 c1951). This presumably refers to Thomas Brittain Tolming (see Table 2, below), but the presumption in the manuscript is somewhat muddled and incorrect: �We can presume that the �T.T.� who built the new buildings in 1802 was Thomas Tolming, in which case he owned the estate from c1802 until his death in [blank]. In 1896 the trust which was formed of his possessions was closed by the sale of the Bow Windows Estate and also Gale Cottage� (CRO(B) Z1903 c1951). 3.2.6 An undated plan of what is evidently the farmhouse at Bow Windows survives together with sketches of other property in Rampside belonging to Thomas Tolming (CRO(B) BDKF Plans/15 1862). The plan includes the ground floor and �chamber storey�, with a cross-section through the roof, and south-east and north-east elevations. None of the outbuildings are shown, however. The sketches of the other property in Rampside are dated 1862, and the undated plans of Bow Windows presumably relate to one of the two Tolmings, and are therefore 19th century in date. These are presumably the original architect�s plans for the house, with the canted bay windows that were to give it its name.
3.2.7 Bow Windows: as can be seen from Table 2, below, the estate of which the present Bow Windows Farm formed a part was known as �Bow Windows Estate� from sometime during the ownership of Reverend Thomas Tolming onwards, possibly as late as 1888 (CRO(B) BDKF 137/10b 1884), although it is named �Bow Windows� in a directory entry from 1882, when it was occupied by John Cameron (Mannex and Co 1882, 144, and see Table 1 below). This was presumably as a result of the reconstruction, at some point during the 19th century, of the farmhouse that incorporated bay windows facing towards the sea (see 3.2.6, above). It is not until 1900 when, the estate being relatively fragmented, there is the first mention of �Bow Windows Farm� (CRO(B) BDKF 137/9o 1900). Up until this point the farm does not appear to have been universally called by this name, as can be seen from an examination of selected trade directories, from which �Bow Windows� is entirely absent within the sections covering Rampside (for example Roberts 1886, 220; Bulmer c1910). In other directories the farm is not named but known occupiers of the site are listed at Rampside and so it has been assumed that they were resident at Bow Windows at that time (see Table 1; these entries are listed as being at �Rampside�).
3.2.8 Occupiers: a rapid examination of deeds and associated documents, the Tithe Map, and the few directories that named Bow Windows enabled identification of a number of occupiers of the property. In addition a diary entry from 1847 and associated notes also identified one occupier. These are summarised in Table 1 below:
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Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 8
Date
Occupier
Place
Source
1829
Thomas Bolton
Rampside
Parson and White 1829, 712
1842
Thomas Bolton
-
CRO(B) BPR/1/I3/1/1 1842
1847
John Coward
John Coward�s farm at Rampside
Hobbs 1960, 183
1849
John Coward
Rampside
Mannex 1849, 419
1882
John Cameron
Bow Windows
Mannex and Co 1882, 144
1885-8
John Cameron
Homesteads, gardens, orchard, and parrocks
CRO(B) BDKF 137/9a 1887, f 1885, and l 1888
1888
Elijah Watts
Farmhouse and buildings and part of the Bow Windows Estate
CRO(B) BDKF 137/9l 1888 (draft lease)
Pre 1900 Mrs I Nickels and another Bow Windows Estate CRO(B) BDKF 137/9u 1900 (draft surrender of
lease)
1900 Thomas Pearson Bow Windows Farm CRO(B) BDKF 137/9o 1900(draft letting
agreement)
Table 1: Recorded occupiers of Bow Windows farm
3.2.9 Owners: a rapid examination of schedules of deeds enabled the identification of many owners of the property. These are summarised in Table 2 below.
Date Owner Place Source
1654 � 1695? Thomas and E Hutton Rampside English Heritage 2001, CRO(B) Z1903 c1951
1695 - ? Dorothy Rawlinson? ? CRO(B) Z1903 c1951; Penney (ed.) 1911, 411-2
Pre 1787 William Postlethwaite ? CRO(B) BDKF 137/9j 1900
1787 � 1801 John Shaw and Postlethwaite ? CRO(B) BDKF 137/9j 1900
1801 � 1842
Thomas Brittain Tolming
?
CRO(B) BDKF 137/9j 1900
1842
Trustees of the late Thomas Tolming
?
CRO(B) BPR/1/I3/1/1 1842
1842 � 1893
Revd. Thomas Tolming
Estate called Bow Windows
CRO(B) BDKF 137/9j 1900 and 10b 1884
1893 � 1900
Marianne Wakefield and others
Bow Windows Estate
CRO(B) BDKF 137/9j 1900
1900 � ?
John Edward Henry Clarke, Leonard Parker Chapman,
Bow Windows Estate
CRO(B) BDKF 137/9j 1900
and Thomas Scott Pearson
? � 1913(?)
John Edward Henry Clarke, and Thomas Scott Pearson
Bow Windows Estate
CRO(B) Z1903 c1951
1913(?) � 1921
John Edward Henry Clarke
Bow Windows Estate
CRO(B) Z1903 c1951
1921 - 1957
William Pearson
Bow Windows Farm
CRO(B) BDKF 137/10q 1921
1957 - ??
Thomas Kendall Pearson and Frances William Pearson
Bow Windows Farm
Clarkson c2005
Table 2: Recorded owners of Bow Windows farm (and rest of estate)
3.2.10 Descriptions of the buildings: sales particulars, contemporary accounts, and fire policies for the Bow Windows Estate give details of the buildings as follows.
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� Journal entry 1847: the journal of John Wilson Soulby, a schoolboy at Rampside Academy (Hobbs 1960, 156) describes a visit to the farm of Mr Coward at Rampside on Monday August 23rd 1847, said by Hobbs to be Bow Windows Farm (op cit, 183). His description provides some details about the buildings present at the farm at this time: �In the evening we went to Rampside and into Mr Coward�s barn to watch them carting their wheat and corn and putting them into sacks� (op cit, 164). It is unclear what evidence, if any, identifies this farm as being Bow Windows, however.
� Sketch 1849 (CRO(B) Z1903 c1951): this source gives a description of a sketch drawn in 1849 by Thomas Tolming, the location of which is not known. It states: �at that date there were buildings and a small orchard occupying the site of the present garden on the right of the farm yard. These buildings included a stable of 3 stalls and a cowhouse with accommodation for 8 cows. The whole was covered by a Hayloft. There was a door for forking hay into the loft facing onto the road.�
� Sales particulars 1896 (CRO(B) BD TB/SP 1/58 1896): these give a detailed description of the �Bow Windows� Estate, which had been divided into parcels of land. The house and farm were Lot 1 and are described thus: �The farm house possesses an uninterrupted view of the sea, and has 2 reception rooms, 5 bed-rooms, dressing room, kitchen, wash-house, and other usual buildings. The farm buildings consist of a block of shippons 82ft. x 25ft., for 36 cattle, with hay-loft over, cart or engine house 25ft. x 24ft., carpenter�s shop and granary over, 25ft. x 24ft., a stable of 5 stalls and loft over, barn 23ft. x 50ft. with hay loft, 3 calf hulls, cart shed, boiler house, pigstys and large liquid manure tank and shed over. There is also a large Dutch barn constructed of timber and corrugated iron, erected by the tenant and belonging to him at the end of the lease, and which said building can be taken over at a valuation at the end of the tenancy. The greater part of the outbuildings have been recently rebuilt with concrete foundations, and are thoroughly well completed and drains are laid from such buildings to the manure tank.�
� Sales particulars 1900 (CRO(B) BDKF 137/10e 1900): these later sales particulars give a further detailed description of the site: �The farm house possesses an uninterrupted view of the sea, and contains dining and drawing room, five bedrooms, kitchen, wash-house and other usual out-offices. The farm buildings consist of a block of shippons for 36 cattle with hayloft over, cart or engine house, carpenter�s shop and granary over, stable of five stalls and loft over, barn with hayloft over, three calf hulls, cart shed, boiler house, pig stys, and large Dutch barn, constructed of timber and corrugated Iron; also a shed in field, No. 577 on the plan. The house is in good repair, and the greater part of the outbuildings have been recently rebuilt, and are in a sound state.�
� Fire policy 1914 (CRO(B) BDKF 137/10d 1914): this provides a useful list of
the buildings present at the site at this time: �the following buildings, brick or stone built and slated or tiled (except as hereafter stated) forming premises known as �Bow Windows Farm�, situate at Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, viz:- the farm dwellinghouse; the cart shed; the stables; the barn, chaff house and threshing machine house; the calf houses; the out kitchen; the cow sheds, cowhouses and turnip house with loft over same; the two pig styes; the Dutch barn, stable and turnip house, part having roof of corrugated iron.�
� Sales particulars 1921 (CRO(B) BDB 17/SP2/19 1921): these sales particulars for the farmhouse describe it as follows: ��Bow Windows�
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farmhouse and appurtenances, yard, outbuildings and garden behind. The farm buildings consist of a block of shippons for 36 cattle with hayloft over cart or engine house, carpenter�s shop and granary over, stable of five stalls, barn with hayloft over, three calf hulls, cart shed, boiler house, pig styes.�
3.2.11 Other events: it is recorded that William Wordsworth travelled to Rampside in August 1794 to visit his sister, who was staying with Francis and Elizabeth Barker, at the farm situated to the east of the site, now the site of the Clarke�s Arms (Gill (ed) 2003, xi). It has been suggested that Wordsworth actually stayed at Bow Windows Farm (Rampside Village Web Pages 2003), but it is not clear what evidence there is for this.
3.2.12 Map Regression: a number of early maps of the site were examined, ranging from county plans of the 18th century to Ordnance Survey maps of the 20th. There were no Ordnance Survey maps produced in the 1930s for this area as it was relatively rural and changed little since the earlier mapping (A Jones, CRO(B), pers comm.). The available maps were able to reveal a number of pieces of information:
� Yates 1786: seven buildings are shown at Rampside, all to the west of the road leading north to Dalton. The scale of the map is much too small to allow individual buildings to be identified.
� Yarlside Division of the Dalton Tithe Map 1842 (CRO(B) BPR 1/I3/2 1842) (Plate 1): this is the first map to show the site in detail, although �Bow Windows� is not specifically named. The combined barn and shippon and stables are shown as an L-shaped block, attached at the north-east end to the adjoining building (now the Clarke�s Arms).
� Ordnance Survey 1849 (1:10560; Plate 2): this map shows the buildings on
the site clearly, although �Bow Windows� is not named. The combined barn and shippon and the stables are all present, and form an L-shaped structure, which are not attached to the farmhouse but are attached to the building to the north-east (now the Clarke�s Arms).
� Ordnance Survey 1891 (1:2500; Plate 3): this is at a larger scale than the previous map, and shows a lot more detail. The layout of the buildings on the site appears to be essentially unchanged, although some new buildings are also present. A circular structure, presumably a gin wheel for a threshing machine, is attached to the north-west side of the barn.
� Sales particulars 1896 (CRO(B) BD TB/SP 1/58 1896; Plate 4): this is at a
much smaller scale than the Ordnance Survey maps, and shows much less detail. However, it can be seen that a building in the north-east of the site has been constructed, first shown by the Ordnance Survey in 1913 (see below and Plate 5).
� Sales particulars 1900 (CRO(B) BDKF 137/10e 1900): this sketch is again
very small scale, and merely shows the strip of land (which contains the house later known as Bow Windows) with no buildings present. A distinction is made between this strip, which is included in the sale and the land to either side, which is owned by Clarke�s trust.
� Ordnance Survey 1913 (Plate 5): since the Ordnance Survey map of 1891
(the closest comparable map) several outbuildings have been demolished, and others have been constructed.
� Sales particulars 1921 (CRO(B) BDB 17/SP2/19 1921): this plan again shows very little detail, and gives no information on the buildings at the site.
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� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
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4. Building Recording
4.1 Setting
4.1.1 Bow Windows Farm is situated on the north-west side of the main road through Rampside, with a very recent housing development to the north-west and west and a slightly less recent one to the north. The majority of the farm complex is positioned around a long courtyard orientated north-west/south-east, although two original agricultural buildings have been converted as part of the most recent housing development, immediately to the north-west. The Clarke�s Arms public house and associated car park is situated immediately to the north-east of the site, and partially butts the barn (Plate 25). The farmhouse has its gable end against the road to the south, the north-east wall of the stable backs onto the car park for the Clarke�s Arms, and the north-west side of the barn and shippon is obscured by original agricultural buildings making up part of the new housing development to the north-west.
4.2 Arrangement and Fabric
4.2.1 The farm buildings at Bow Windows are situated to the north of the farmhouse (which was not included as part of the building recording). The standing buildings form an L-shaped arrangement at the north-west end of a long courtyard, although originally they were part of a C-shaped group of buildings enclosing the end of the courtyard (Fig 2). The barn and shippon is orientated north-east/south-west; it originally defined the north-west side of the courtyard. It is butted on the north-east side by the stables, which are orientated north-west/south-east. 4.2.2 The majority of the combined barn and shippon is constructed from rough courses of cobbles, finished with a thin coat of limewash, and set in a thick gritty lime mortar. The central projecting section comprises courses of narrow slates finished with hand-moulded red brick quoins, and rock-faced ashlar red sandstone quoins have been used around one doorway on the north-west side. Internally it has concrete floors on the ground floor, and the roof is finished with local grey slate capped with V-shaped sandstone ridge tiles. The stables are also built of rough courses of rounded stones, some sandstone slabs and sandstone quoins at the south-east end. It is also finished with a rough coat of limewash. Internally it has concrete floors, and the roof is finished with grey slate and V-shaped sandstone ridge tiles.
4.3 External Detail
4.3.1 Combination barn and shippon: although effectively two buildings they form one structure made up of several parts. Elements of the south-east elevation are obscured by attached buildings (principally the stable) or have partially collapsed. The north-west elevation is almost entirely obscured by adjoining buildings. 4.3.2 South-east elevation: this is the front of the building (Fig 7). The south-west end is partially collapsed, although this has revealed the cobble construction, and at the south corner it continues into the south-west wall of the courtyard (originally one side of an earlier building; Plate 6). Where the wall returns it is finished with ashlar sandstone quoins forming the side of a doorway, with matching quoins in the other jamb (Plate 8). This doorway has a rounded timber arch lintel positioned beneath the timber surround, and above it there is a yellow sandstone block built into the wall. This is extremely worn but the remains of a heraldic shield and some lettering is visible (apparently inscribed �TT 1802� (see Section 3.2.4); Plate 9). There are two doorways in the return of the wall to the north-east, one above the other. The ground
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floor doorway has a rough timber lintel and a half-height plank door, while the first doorway has a slate sill and timber lintel, and the jambs appear to have been rebuilt in brick, suggesting it has been inserted. The central section of the elevation projects to the south-east. The return on the south-west side has a ground floor doorway with brick jambs and a machine-cut timber lintel, above which is another small doorway leading into a room above. There is a small slit aperture in the projecting section, with a slate lintel, yellow sandstone sill and brick jambs, and the return on the north-east side has a ground floor doorway and a small aperture above, perhaps a simple overlight for the same room.
4.3.3 The north-east end of the south-east elevation is dominated by a large wagon doorway, above which the roof extends, supported by the projecting section to the south-west and a post sat on top of the wall of the stable, forming a canopy (Plate 7). The jambs of the wagon doorway have been partially rebuilt in brick where it has been raised at the top, corresponding to the height of the canopy, and the wagon doorway has a large sliding timber door and saw-pit cut timber lintel. 4.3.4 North-east elevation: this is the gable end of the barn, which is the same build as the rest of the building, although with the addition of some brick. Part of the north end is obscured by buildings making up the Clarke�s Arms, but the gable scar of a small former outshut is visible. It is otherwise unremarkable. 4.3.5 North-west elevation: this is largely obscured by the adjoining buildings and could not be examined in detail. It is built in the same style as the rest of the building, and has a large wagon doorway with a timber lintel blocked with concrete blocks. A plastic gutter is attached, and the wall is finished with a thin coat of limewash. 4.3.6 South-west elevation: this too is partially obscured by neighbouring buildings and comprises the gable end of the shippon (Fig 8; Plate 11). It has some rough quoins made of sandstone blocks at the south-east corner, although these have been supplemented with bricks in the upper part of the elevation. The south-east corner is also butted by an adjoining wall, although this appears to be blocking a gap between it and the remains of the building (also with sandstone quoins) to the south-east, which continues to the farmhouse. Within this blocking is another, smaller doorway, which has also been blocked with stone. A row of bricks has been laid on top of the slates along the eaves, forming a rough coping. A window, visible from the inside (see Section 4.4.2) was obscured by the adjoining building. 4.3.7 Stable: the building described as a stable is attached to the north-east corner of the barn and orientated north-west/south-east. The north-west end butts the barn and so there is no visible elevation at this end. 4.3.8 South-west elevation: this is the front elevation (Plates 21-22). It has three extant doorways and two partially blocked doorways, which have been converted into small windows (Fig 7). The north-west jamb of the south-eastern doorway is built from large ashlar red sandstone blocks forming quoins between it and the adjoining blocked doorway. All of the apertures have narrow machine-cut timber lintels and the doors are made of tongue and groove planks with iron strap hinges. A shallow brick- built drain runs along the ground at the south-east end of elevation leading to an open drain at the far south-east end.
4.3.9 South-east elevation: this is the only visible gable, which is irregular in profile.
It is largely obscured by vegetation and has a modern wall adjoining the south-east corner and an earlier one adjoining the north-east corner. 4.3.10 North-east elevation: this is finished with a rough limewash and is generally unremarkable. It is butted by two stone-built raised beds situated in the car park and butts the barn at its north-west end. It is partially obscured by vegetation at the southeast end, where there is a large crack, and a small window with a two-light fixed
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casement and thin timber lintel. The jambs have been partially built in brick, perhaps suggesting it has been inserted.
4.4 Internal Detail
4.4.1 Combination barn and shippon: this comprises a single large building, broken into three sections by dividing walls on the ground floor but open its full length on the first (Fig 4). In addition, there are two small ground floor rooms within the projecting section to the south-east and a small room above these (Fig 3). 4.4.2 Room 1 � south-west end, ground floor: this comprises a room two bays long, now open to the roof, but originally with a first floor. It has a concrete floor, with raised areas along the north-east and south-west sides forming a dung channel. Stall partitions constructed from curved iron bars are situated against the north-east and south-west elevations, with associated iron water pipes (Plate 12). The feed troughs are labelled �The Salopian� and what appears to read �Patent No 272664 Reg No 726388�, although this is badly corroded. The roof is described as part of the first floor (Section 4.4.7). The north-west elevation has a large doorway, possibly inserted, blocked with concrete blocks and brick, with a piece of machine-cut timber and two iron I-beams forming the lintel. A pipe vent has been inserted through the wall to the north-east. The south-west elevation has a small window on the northwest side with a machine-cut timber lintel, above which is a row of joist holes for the former first floor. The joist holes incorporate a considerable amount of brick and have probably been inserted. The wall appears to end prematurely on the south-west side at a quoined jamb or return, which is butted by the walling to the south-west, which is filling a gap between the end of the wall and the south-west end of the south-east elevation.
4.4.3 The south-east elevation is in a poor condition, and appears to be built from much smaller rounded stones. The truss sits on a pad of re-used timber built into the wall. A small window, probably inserted, with brick rebuild in the jambs, is situated on the north-west side of the elevation. This has subsequently been blocked with brick and converted into a cupboard with a timber surround. The elevation returns to the south-west at the north-west end at the doorway with dressed sandstone quoins and arched timber lintel. Graffiti sketches of boats have been scored into the north-west jamb (Plate 10; Figs 3 and 9), and above the door joist holes for a former first floor, with rebuilding in brick, are present. The north-east elevation does not extend above ground floor level, and the upper part is open to the first floor. It is built of moulded red brick laid in a stretcher bond, with walls in a similar material at either end projecting to the south-west. A hole has recently been knocked through on the northwest side. A timber beam supporting the first floor is sat on top of the wall, and this has a batten attached along the front decorated with a beaded moulding. 4.4.4 Room 2, centre of barn, ground floor: this is a small room between the main room of the barn to the north-east and the main part of the shippon to the south-west. It has a concrete floor, with three concrete stalls along the south-west wall, on a raised platform forming a dung channel along the north-east side (Plate 13). The ceiling comprises machine-cut joists supporting a timber board floor. All of the walls are whitewashed. The north-west elevation is plain, apart from a doorway on the north-east side, with three pieces of re-used hand-finished timber forming the lintel. It has been blocked with stone leaving a slight alcove, into which has been positioned and ceramic trough. The north-east elevation is plain, and the south-east elevation has a doorway in the north-west side with a re-used timber lintel with numerous peg holes in it, and a door constructed from tongue and groove planks with beaded decoration.
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4.4.5 Room 3, north-east end, ground floor: this is the main part of the barn, which
has a half-loft over the south-west end. It has a concrete floor, and a low brick wall against the north-east elevation, which acts as a housing for the sliding wagon door. The half-loft is built entirely from machine-cut timbers, and some of the beams have gouges cut into them, presumably indicating the line of the power-transmission for some form of machinery (Figs 3 and 5; Plate 14). A flight of timber steps provides access to the half-loft in the north-west corner, and there is an access hatch to the south-west of this. The underside of the stairs are clad by rough timber boards, and on the north-east side a large number of these have had graffiti carved into them including: �BAL 199X�, �SV A.K.S.�, �D.P. 1911�, �L.T. 57�, �PEO�, �R.S.�, �BILL�, �R.P.�, �13.4.57(?)�, J.A.C. 1971�, �MM�, N.M. 1902� (Plate 15). All of the walls beneath the half-loft have been finished with a concrete skim, while those to the north-east have a rough render.
4.4.6 The north-west elevation, beneath the half-loft, has a small aperture in it, with
a machine-cut timber lintel, and there are the ends of two pieces of timber built into the wall below. North-east of the half-loft in the north-west elevation is a large wagon doorway, blocked with concrete blocks. This has a machine-cut timber lintel, above which another piece of hand-finished timber is built into the wall, perhaps the original lintel as the tops of the jambs have evidently been rebuilt with brick. The north-east elevation is relatively plain, and has a timber coat rack attached. Two or possibly three blocked winnowing slots are visible on the ground floor, each with hand- finished timber lintels. In the north corner iron beams have been inserted between the north-west and north-east elevations to support a large iron tank. The south-east elevation has a large wagon doorway in it, which has two large sawn timbers forming the lintel, both of which have Baltic timber marks. There is a gap above the lintels, beneath the roof. The upper parts of the jambs of wagon doorway have been rebuilt in brick, and the door is constructed from tongue and groove planks held by chamfered battens, with and smaller doorway within it. 4.4.7 Room 4, first floor: this extends across the entire building. The central section has a tongue and groove timber board floor, which is slightly higher at the south-west end. The ceiling is constructed from a variety of timber, much of which is re-used, typically with two purlins per pitch and a ridge purlin. It is supported by seven trusses, all of which are different, and are described from south-west to north-east:
1. this is constructed from machine-cut timbers (Plate 17). The principal rafters are of uneven lengths with the south-eastern one extending to reach the lower south-west elevation. The south-eastern principal rafter is also thicker. The tie beam is bolted to the principals and has a possible Baltic timber mark on it. There are also four purlins on the south-east side, some of which comprise re-used timber, which overlap at the truss.
2. this is constructed from hand-finished timbers (Plate 17). The principal rafters overlap north-west on south-east, with a slightly soffitted joint and are chamfered. There are joist slots for angled braces within the purlins, with the carpenter�s mark �IIII� and peg holes adjacent to these.
3. this is constructed from machine-cut timbers (Plate 18). The two principal rafters are clamped to the tie beam on the south-east side and there are angled braces nailed between the tie beam and principal rafters with a batten or brace between them attached to the tie beam. A horizontal beam, little more than a thick plank, sat on the tie beam, runs between this truss and Truss 4.
4. this is constructed from a mix of timbers � the tie beam is sawn, while the principal rafters are re-used with slots for angled braces and peg holes (Plate 19; Fig 5). These are trenched at the apex, and overlap north-east on south-
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west, with a �I� carpenter�s mark. There are Baltic timber marks on the tie
beam and a timber coat hook inserted into it. The tie beam is sat on timber pads built into the wall at either end, and there is modern graffiti carved into it: �DB�, �JD�, �SV�, �DB� and �MARK�. Carpenters marks �II� and �I?� are present next to empty joist slots on the principal rafters (Plate 20).
5. this is of a similar construction to Truss 4, with sawn principal rafters with various peg holes and joist holes for angled braces, but nothing corresponding in the tie beam (Plate 19). The principal rafters are trenched together, and over lap with the south-west on the north-east and are marked �II�. The angled joist holes are, however, marked �I� and �II?�, and the joist on the south-west side of the principal rafter is also marked �II?�.
6. this is similar to Truss 5, and has the same joist and peg holes in the principals as well as a large number of peg holes in a horizontal row along the tie beam (Plate 19; Fig 7). The principal rafters are trenched, with the southwest overlapping on the north-east, and the joint is marked �III�. The southwest end of the tie beam is marked �I� and the north-east end marked �III�. There is also a diagonal joist slot in the north-east face of the south-east principal, probably indicating the position of a collar, and suggesting that this is a re-used cruck blade.
7. this is similar to Truss 6. The south-east principal rafter is machine-cut and
the north-west is re-used and marked �IIII� at the joint. There is also a diagonal joist slot in the north-east face of the principal, again suggesting that it is a reused cruck blade.
4.4.8 All of the walls have a thin coating of render. The north-east elevation has two further winnowing slots with hand-finished timber lintels at first floor level (Plate 16). Mid-way along the building there are opposing doorways/apertures above the hay loft in the north-west and south-east elevations. The upper part of the south-east elevation is rebuilt in brick and the original opening has been partially filled with brick to form a smaller doorway with rough timber beam above, a plank door with strap hinges, chamfered battens and a timber block lock. The doorway in the north-west elevation has splayed jambs, which have been rebuilt in brick on the south-west side and partially on the north-east. North-east of this is a partially ruined alcove, which was originally a smaller opening with a timber lintel, which has been recently opened up.
4.4.9 Room 5, south-west side of projecting section to south-east elevation: this is a small room, most likely used as a toilet or small store. It has a concrete floor, and plastered walls and ceiling. There is a plank door in the south-west elevation, and nails in the north-east elevation, which may have held brackets for a cistern (as in Room 6).
4.4.10 Room 6, north-east side of projecting section to south-east elevation: this was most recently used as a toilet and the toilet and cistern are still in situ against the south-east elevation. It has a concrete floor, with a slight step up on the south-east side, and the walls and ceiling are finished with plaster. There is a tongue and groove door in the north-east elevation, above which is a small aperture, probably a simple overlight.
4.4.11 Room 7, first floor of projecting section to south-east elevation: this could not be accessed, but seemed to comprise a small room beneath the pitch of the canopy roof projecting from the south-east elevation. It is very plain, with roughly plastered walls, and is accessed via a small doorway on the south-west side. 4.4.12 Stable: the stable forms a single linear block orientated approximately northwest/south-east, butting the combination barn and shippon at the north-west end (Fig
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3). It comprises three small rooms, the largest in the centre, accessed only from the courtyard on the south-west side.
4.4.13 Room 8, north-west end of stable: this has a concrete floor with a dung channel orientated north-east/south-west, leading to the door in the south-west elevation. There are concrete stall partitions along the north-west and south-east elevations, with ceramic troughs built into a concrete plinth between them. The roof is constructed from machine-cut timber, with two purlins (one per pitch) and a ridge purlin. The purlins are additionally supported by iron scaffold props. The rafters are largely covered by tongue and groove boards and other pieces of timber, including an old door. The walls are all whitewashed and plain, although there are occasional through-stones projecting through the north-west elevation. The same iron feed troughs that were present in Room 1 are associated with the stalls, and these are more clearly marked �The Salopian� and �Patent No 272384 Reg No 728388�. 4.4.14 Room 9, central part of stable: this is very similar to Room 8. It has a concrete floor with dung channels orientated north-east/south-west and concrete stalls against the north-west and south-east elevations (Plate 24). These have deep ceramic troughs set within a concrete plinth and iron feed troughs marked �Utility�. Again, the walls are all whitewashed and plastered, and the roof is constructed from machine- cut timbers. There is no panelling although an old door has been fixed to the rafters. There is a single truss at the centre of the room, comprising principal rafters, butting at the ridge (south-west on north-east), and a tie beam, which is bolted on (Fig 6; Plate 23)). Water pipes have been attached to the ceiling and walls with iron brackets throughout, and there is a plank door in the south-west elevation. 4.4.15 Room 10, south-east end of stable: this too has a concrete floor with dung channel and two concrete stall partitions against the south-east elevation. Water pipes have been attached throughout and there is a small water tank sat on timber brackets in the north corner, beneath which is a small structure constructed from concrete blocks. The walls are alls cement rendered and in the north-east elevation there is a small window with splayed jambs. The roof structure is the same as Rooms 8 and 9, but with no panelling over the rafters.
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Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 17
5. Discussion
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The history of Bow Windows Farm is extremely interesting and complex and
the site has connections to may important events and significant individuals in the history of the local area. The repositioned 17th century datestone suggests that the farmhouse is of a similar date, but it is not certain that the associated outbuildings were in existence at this time. The datestone in the wall of the shippon is now illegible, but is said to read �TT 1802� (CRO(B) Z1903 c1951), perhaps indicating the date at which the combined barn and shippon were constructed. The phasing is discussed below and displayed in Figure 10.
5.2 Phasing
5.2.1 Phase 1: the earliest part of the structure is the threshing barn, which is formed by Room 3 and part of Room 4 at the north-east end of the combined barn and shippon. This would have been at least four or five bays in length, with large opposing wagon doorways in the north-west and south-east elevations and winnowing slots in the gables. The south-east gable has subsequently been reduced in height (see Phase 3 (Section 5.2.3) below). The construction of this barn must have taken place before 1842 as it is present on the Tithe map of that date, the earliest detailed map to show the site. The largely re-used timbers making up the roof structure of this part of the building do little to help provide a date of construction (see Tyson 2000), although most are hand-finished, perhaps suggesting it is likely to be earlier than the mid-19th century, which does correspond with the map evidence. It is conceivable that the 1802 datestone, which is repositioned (see Phase 3 in Section 5.2.3 below), may correspond to the construction of this barn. It may have been originally positioned above the wagon doorway in the south-east elevation, which was subsequently enlarged (probably in Phase 2, see Section 5.2.2). If this is the case, then the threshing barn was almost certainly built by Thomas Brittain Tolming, soon after he had taken possession of the estate. 5.2.2 Phase 2: the original barn was extended to the south-west, with the addition of at least three further bays. Again, this must have taken place prior to 1842 (and before the alterations carried out in Phase 3), as the combined barn and shippon is shown at its present length by this date. The function of this end of the building is not certain, but it most probably provided additional accommodation for cattle. This fits a trend common in the mid to late 19th century when there was a general shift towards an increased emphasis on dairy farming (Brunskill 1987, 66). It is possible that during this phase the main wagon doorways into the barn were slightly enlarged; the presence of Baltic timber marks on the lintels of the south-eastern wagon doorway indicate an approximately contemporary date with this phase (Greene 1996), but this is far from conclusive.
5.2.3 Phase 3: the map evidence shows that between 1849 and 1889 the combined barn and shippon was substantially remodelled. The southern corner of the Phase 2 extension was somewhat awkwardly extended to the south-west connecting it to the existing adjoining building (which had been largely demolished prior the recording taking place). Internally a new half loft was built, possibly replacing an earlier one. This extended across Rooms 1 and 2 and the south-western part of Room 3. In order to accommodate this the upper part of the original gable wall of the Phase 1 threshing barn was removed, the original gap between the Phase 2 extension and the building to the south-west was blocked and the wall on the southwest side of the extension was rebuilt, incorporating the re-used 1802 datestone. The
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large doorway in the north-west elevation of Room 1 was probably also inserted at
this time, and the brick wall was added between Rooms 1 and 2. The new half-loft added above the south-west end of Room 3 seems largely to have been constructed to accommodate the workings of a threshing gin that was constructed against the external north-west elevation; the alcove in the north-west wall and the gouges carved into the beams undoubtedly housed the power transmission lines from the associated machinery. The south-west end of the building (Room 1) was almost certainly used as a shippon at this date, although the present stalls may be a later addition. All of these alterations were undoubtedly made under the auspices of the Reverend Thomas Tolming, who made a number of major alterations to the site and owned considerable amounts of land in Rampside (Clarkson c2005). This might explain why he deliberately retained and prominently repositioned the datestone erected by his father.
5.2.4 Phase 4: between 1891 and 1910 further alterations were made to the combined barn and shippon. The small central extension built partially in brick was added as was the monopitched canopy roof over the front (south-east) elevation. The upper part of the extension (Room 7) was apparently built to act as a pigeon roost (English Heritage 2001), although the small rooms below (5 and 6) appear to have been toilets. Some of the concrete and iron stalls may have been added during this period. The examples marked �The Salopian� can be dated by their patent registration number to 1927 (The Patent Office 2004), assuming it is a British patent. Additional buildings were also constructed to the north-west during this period, one of which butted against the present combination barn and shippon, and probably led to the blocking of some doorways on this side of the structure, as well as the removal of the horse gin and associated threshing machinery. Some of the outbuildings are described as having been recently rebuilt in 1900 (CRO(B) BDKF 137/10e 1900), which may be the date at which these substantial alterations took place. 5.2.5 Phase 5: the most recent alterations have largely been cosmetic, although some have had a noticeable effect on the structure. A number of doorways and other apertures have been blocked, principally those the north-west elevation. 5.2.6 Stable: the exact position of the building making up Rooms 8-10 and known as the stables within the phasing of the site is not certain. There is a structure of approximately the same dimensions in this location depicted as early as 1842 (Plate 1), but it is not certain that this is the same building. The main difficulty with this interpretation is that the present buildings are on a slightly different orientation, although this could be a discrepancy in the original survey. Also, the style and finish of the timber and the concrete stalls would suggest that the building is no earlier than late 19th century in date. However, none of the maps examined show the building on its present alignment, which would point to it having been built after 1913. The building was almost certainly not built as stables, but was probably originally used as an additional shippon or calf house, something which is listed at the property from as early as 1896 (see Section 3.2.9).
5.2.7 Conclusion: Bow Windows Farm has a long and complex history, and it is evident that some of its owners, particularly its later ones, made substantial alterations to both the house and the outbuildings. Some of these, such as the canted bay windows that give the house its name, and the enlargement of the combined barn and shippon are somewhat idiosyncratic in their style, making understanding of the site quite difficult. The widespread re-use of timber in the barn, the re-positioning of datestones, and the confused details regarding the history of the site also complicate its interpretation. In addition, the presence of other outbuildings on the site, now incorporated within the development to the north, makes any contemporary descriptions difficult to use as it is not always certain which buildings
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are being described (see Section 3.2.10). In general, however, the development of
these buildings follows a pattern that is seen in many examples, with a shift of emphasis from arable to dairy farming between the end of the 18th and middle of the 19th century. This is in general thought to have come about as demands for dairy products increased as the population grew, particularly during the 19th century (Brunskill 1987, 67). The contemporary descriptions from 1896 onwards state that there was a single shippon large enough to house 36 cattle (see Section 3.2.10), which corresponds well with the large expansion of the combined barn and shippon that took place in Phase 3 (1849-1889), and suggests that the entire barn must have been used to house cattle as there are only surviving stalls for approximately 16-20 cattle within the combined barn and shippon. An earlier description from 1849 demonstrates that the shippon at that date was only a quarter of the size, which would fit the expansion that took place in Phase 2. The description from 1847 (Hobbs 1960), however, clearly demonstrates that at this time production at the site was almost equally split between arable and dairy farming.
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6. Bibliography
6.1 Primary and Cartographic Sources
* = only titles examined
CRO(B) BDB 17/SP2/19 1921 Sales Particulars, Plans and Conditions of the Bow Windows Estate, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness * CRO(B) BD HJ 90/Bundle 9/2, 1658 Bond by Willm. Fell of Much Urswick, yeoman and Thomas Hutton of Rampside, yeoman, to Thomas Ashburner and 3 others, for �42, 12 November 1659
* CRO(B) BD HJ 90/Bundle 23/2, 1658 Arbitration Award by Roger Woodburne and Robert Gibson in dispute between John Welles of Stanke, yeoman, and Thomas Hutton of Rampside, yeoman, 26 April 1658 * CRO(B) BD HJ 90/Bundle 23/4, 1664 Mortgage by Thomas Rawlinson of Rusland, yeoman, to Thomas Hutton (father-in-law) of messuage and tenement at Rampside for �600, 3 March 1664
* CRO(B) BD HJ 90/Bundle 23/6, 1664 Conveyance by Thomas Hutton to Thomas Rawlinson of messuage and tenement at Rampside in consideration of marriage between Thomas Rawlinson and Dorothy, only child and heir of Thomas Hutton, 6 March 1664
* CRO(B) BD HJ 90/Bundle 26/1, 1686 Will of Thomas Hutton of Rampside, yeoman, 1 February 1686
*CRO(B) BD HJ 90/Bundle 26/3, 1695 Inventory and valuation of goods of Thomas Hutton d., 11 May 1695
CRO(B) BDKF 137/9, 1806-1921 Two Bundles of Papers re various properties at Rampside Including Bow Windows Estate
CRO(B) BDKF 137/9a, 1887 Bow Windows Estate at Rampside. Conditions on Letting. Salmon, Daniell & Major, Ulverston. CRO(B) BDKF 137/9f, 1885 Bow Windows Estate, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, the property of Revd Thomas Tolming, Copy Valuation, Jno. Bolton, Solr, Kendal. CRO(B) BDKF 137/9j, 1900 Schedule of Deeds and Documents relating to the Bow Windows Estate Rampside near Barrow-in-Furness belonging to Messrs J.E.H. Clarke, L.P. Chapman and T.S. Pearson and mortgaged by them to the Trustees of J. Chapman to secure �3800 and Interest at 3�% p.a. Binyon and Chapman, Ulverston.
CRO(B) BDKF 137/9l, 1888 Dated June 28th 1888 The Revd Thos Tolming to Mr Elijah Watts Draft Lease of Farmhouse and buildings and part of the Bow Windows Estate at Rampside in the Borough of Barrow in Furness in the County of Lancaster. From 14th February 1888, Term of years 9, Expires 14th February 1897, Rent �190, Salmon Daniell and Major, Ulverston.
CRO(B) BDKF 137/9o, 1900 Dated 1900 J.E.H. Clarke Esqre and others and Mr Thomas Pearson Drt Agreement for Letting of the Bow Windows Farm Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Rent, Yearly Tenancy
CRO(B) BDKF 137/9u, 1900 Dated 1900. Mrs. M. Wakefield and others and Mrs. I. Nickels and Another. Draft Agreement as to Surrender of Lease of Bow Windows Estate. Arnold and Greenwood, Kendal.
Client: Clarkson Properties
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Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 21
CRO(B) BDKF 137/10, 1884-1928 Schedule of Deeds and Insurance Documents Relating to Bow Windows Estate
CRO(B) BDKF 137/10b, 1884 Abstract of the Title of the Revd. Thos. Tolming to an estate called �Bow Windows� situate at Rampside in the County of Lancaster. John Poole, Solicitor, Ulverston.
CRO(B) BDKF 137/10d, 1914 Alliance Assurance Company Ltd. Fire Policy No. 5375835. Name J.E.H. Clarke. Agency: Ulverston. Binyon and Chapman. CRO(B) BDKF 137/10e, 1900 Sales particulars (with plan) of Bow Windows Estate at Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness. To be sold by auction by Messrs Lowden and Postlethwaite at the sale rooms, Cornwallis Street, Barrow-in-Furness CRO(B) BDKF 137/10q, 1921 Dated Dec 1921. John E.H. Clarke Esq., to Mr. William Pearson. Copy Draft Conveyance of Bow Windows Farm situate at Rampside within the Borough of Barrow in Furness, Poole & Son, Ulverston. CRO(B) BDKF Plans/15, 1862 Sketches of houses at Rampside owned by T. Tolming, with their history since 1812
CRO(B) BD TB/SP 1/58, 1896 Sales Particulars: Bow Windows Farm and Gale Cottage, Rampside
CRO(B) BPR/1/I3/1/1, 1842 Apportionment of the Rent-Charge in Lieu of Tithes in the Parish of Dalton-in-Furness in the County of Lancaster CRO(B) BPR/1/I3/2, 1842 Map of Yarlside Division in the Parish of Dalton and County of Lancaster
CRO(B) Z1903 c1951 Typed Notes and Letter Regarding Bow Windows, Rampside Ordnance Survey, 1849 Lancashire Sheet 28, 1:10560, surveyed 1847 Ordnance Survey, 1891 Lancashire Sheet 28.1, 1:2500, surveyed 1889 Ordnance Survey, 1913 Lancashire Sheet 28.1, 1:2500, revised 1910 Ordnance Survey, 2002 The English Lakes South-Western Area: Coniston, Ulverston & Barrow-in-Furness, Explorer OL6, 1:25000 Yates, W, 1786 The County Palatine of Lancaster
6.2 Secondary Sources
Barnes, F, 1978 Barrow and District, 3rd edn, Barrow-in-Furness
Bulmer, T, and Co, c1910 History, Topography, and Directory of Furness and Cartmel, Preston
Brunskill, RW, 1987 Traditional Farm Buildings of Britain, 2nd edn, London Clarkson, TL, c2005 Bow Windows Farm�s History, unpubl rep
Countryside Commission, 1998 Countryside Character, Volume 2: North West, Cheltenham
English Heritage, 1991 The Management of Archaeological Projects, 2nd edn, London English Heritage, 2001 Images of England 388562: Bow Windows Farmhouse and Aattached Farm Buildings, Rampside, www.imagesofengland.org.uk English Heritage, 2006 Understanding Historic Buildings: A Guide to Good Recording Practice, Swindon
Client: Clarkson Properties
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Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 22
Ferguson, LM, and Murray, DM, n.d. Archaeological Documentary Archives, IFA Paper 1, Reading
Gill, S (ed), 2003 The Cambridge Companion to Wordsworth, Cambridge
Greene, JP, 1996 Enigmatic Marks on Timbers, IFA Buildings Special Interest Group News, 9, 4-5
Hobbs, JL, 1960 The Journal of John Wilson Soulby of Rampside Academy, August
� December 1847, Edited and With Notes, Trans Cumberland Westmorland Antiq Archaeol Soc, 2nd ser, 60, 156-186
Hollett, RFG, and Son, 2006 List 144: The North of England Fine and Collectable Books, Sedbergh
Honour, C, 2005 There�s More�, Rich Pickings, 1, 4,
http://explorelowfurness.co.uk/RICHPICKINGSfeb2005.pdf
Hutton, J, 1781 Tour to the Caves in the Environs of Ingleborough and Settle, Kendal Mannex, P, and Co, 1882 History and Directory of Furness and West Cumberland, Preston
Mannex, PJ, 1849 History, Topography, and Directory of Westmorland and Lonsdale North of the Sands in Lancashire, London
Matrix Archaeology, 2001 Clarke�s Arms Hotel, Rampside, Cumbria: Archaeological Evaluation , unpubl rep
Moseley, F (ed), 1978 The Geology of the Lake District, Yorkshire Geological Society, occ publ, 3, Leeds
Patent Office, The, 2004 British Patent Numbers 1916-1981,
http://www.patent.gov.uk/patent/whatis/oldnumbers/after1916.htm
Parson, W, and White, W, 1829 A History, Directory and Gazetteer of Cumberland and Westmorland with that part of the Lake District in Lancashire, forming the Lordships of Furness and Cartmel, Beckermet (1976 facsimile) Penney, N (ed), 1911 The Journal of George Fox, 1, Cambridge Rampside Village Web Pages, 2003 www.rampside-village.co.uk/localhistory.html (website now expired)
Roberts, CJ, 1886 Directory of Barrow-in-Furness and the Furness District, Barrow- in-Furness
RCHME, 1996 Recording Historic Buildings: A Descriptive Specification, 3rd edn, Swindon
Tyson, B, 2000 Management Attitudes Towards Reusing Materials in Traditional Cumbrian Buildings, Vernacular Architecture, 31, 32-44
Client: Clarkson Properties
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Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 23
7. Illustrations
7.1 List of Figures
Figure 1: Location of Bow Windows Farm in relation to Rampside and Barrow-in- Furness
Figure 2: Bow Windows Farm, showing the position of the combined barn and shippon and stables in relation to the farmhouse Figure 3: Ground floor plan of the combined barn and shippon and stables Figure 4: First floor plan of the combined barn and shippon Figure 5: South-west facing cross-section (A-A) through the barn Figure 6: South-east facing section (C-C) through the stables Figure 7: Top: South-east facing elevation of the combined barn and shippon; Bottom: South-west facing elevation of the stables incorporating a cross-section (B- B) through the barn
Figure 8: South-west facing elevation of the combined barn and shippon, incorporating the adjoining wall and farmhouse Figure 9: Graffiti sketches of boats carved into the doorframe of Room 1 Figure 10: Phase plan of the combined barn and shippon
7.2 List of Plates
Plate 1: Part of the Tithe Map of the Yarlside Division of Dalton Parish showing Bow Windows Farm (marked �27�; CRO(B) CRO(B) BPR 1/I3/2 1842) Plate 2: Part of the Ordnance Survey map of 1849 showing Bow Windows Farm Plate 3: Part of the Ordnance Survey map of 1891 showing Bow Windows Farm Plate 4: Part of a plan accompanying sales particulars from 1896 (CRO(B) BD/TB/SP/158 1896) showing Bow Windows Farm Plate 5: Part of the Ordnance Survey map of 1913 showing Bow Windows Farm Plate 6: South-west end of the south-east elevation of the combined barn and shippon
Plate 7: North-east end of the south-east elevation of the combined barn and shippon Plate 8: Doorway into the south-east corner of Room 1 with datestone above and ashlar quoins
Plate 9: Detail of the datestone
Plate 10: Detail of graffiti sketches of boats carved into the doorframe of the doorway in the south-east corner of Room 1
Plate 11: South-west gable of the combined barn and shippon and adjoining wall Plate 12: Iron stalls along the south-west elevation of Room 1 Plate 13: Concrete stalls and brick wall along south-west side of Room 2 Plate 14: Gouges carved into beams beneath hay loft in Room 3 for power transmission
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 24
Plate 15: 20th century graffiti carved into planks forming the edge of the staircase in Room 3
Plate 16: Blocked ventilation slots in the north-east elevation of Room 4 Plate 17: Trusses 1 and 2
Plate 18: Truss 3 Plate 19: Trusses 4-6
Plate 20: Detail of joint sockets and carpenter�s marks in Truss 4 Plate 21: North-west end of the south-west elevation of the stables Plate 22: South-east end of the south-west elevation of the stables Plate 23: Truss in Room 9
Plate 24: Concrete stalls against the north-east elevation of Room 9
Plate 25: The farm buildings (centre) in relation to the Clarke�s Arms (right) and the farmhouse (left)
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 25
Figure 1: Location of Bow Windows Farm in relation to Rampside and Barrow-in- Furness
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 35
Plate 1: Part of the Tithe Map of the Yarlside Division of Dalton Parish showing Bow Windows Farm (marked �27�; CRO(B) CRO(B) BPR 1/I3/2 1842)
Plate 2: Part of the Ordnance Survey map of 1849 showing Bow Windows Farm
Plate 3: Part of the Ordnance Survey map of 1891 showing Bow Windows Farm
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 36
Plate 4: Part of a plan accompanying sales particulars from 1896 (CRO(B) BD/TB/SP/158 1896) showing Bow Windows Farm
Plate 5: Part of the Ordnance Survey map of 1913 showing Bow Windows Farm
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 37
Plate 6: South-west end of the south-east elevation of the combined barn and shippon
Plate 7: North-east end of the south-east elevation of the combined barn and shippon
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 38
Plate 8: Doorway into the south-east corner of Room 1 with datestone above and ashlar quoins
Plate 9: Detail of the datestone
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 39
Plate 10: Detail of graffiti sketches of boats carved into the doorframe of the doorway in the south-east corner of Room 1
Plate 11: South-west gable of the combined barn and shippon and adjoining wall
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 40
Plate 12: Iron stalls along the south-west elevation of Room 1
Plate 13: Concrete stalls and brick wall along south-west side of Room 2
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 41
Plate 14: Gouges carved into beams beneath hay loft in Room 3 for power transmission
Plate 15: 20th century graffiti carved into planks forming the edge of the staircase in Room 3
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 42
Plate 16: Blocked ventilation slots in the north-east elevation of Room 4
Plate 17: Trusses 1 and 2
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 43
Plate 18: Truss 3
Plate 19: Trusses 4-6
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 44
Plate 20: Detail of joint sockets and carpenter�s mark in Truss 4
Plate 21: North-west end of the south-west elevation of the stables
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 45
Plate 22: South-east end of the south-west elevation of the stables
Plate 23: Truss in Room 9
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006
Bow Windows Farm, Rampside, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria: Archaeological Building Recording 46
Plate 24: Concrete stalls against the north-east elevation of Room 9
Plate 25: The farm buildings (centre) in relation to the Clark�s Arms (right) and the farmhouse (left)
Client: Clarkson Properties
� Greenlane Archaeology Ltd, July 2006