An Archaeological Evaluation at 38 Braunstone Gate,
Leicester (SK 579 040)
Lucy Griffin
Checked by Project Manager
Signed: ............................. Date:
Name: .......................................................
For LMP Consultants Ltd.
Planning Application 2003/2253
University of Leicester Archaeological Services
Report No. 2005-160 �2005
An Archaeological Evaluation at 38 Braunstone Gate, Leicester (SK 579 040)
Contents
Summary 1
1 Introduction 1
2 Site Location 2
3 Archaeological Background 3
4 Aims and Objectives 5
5 Methodology 6
6 Results of the Evaluation 8
6.1 Trench One 8
6.2 Trench Two 13
7 Discussion 18
8 Conclusions 18
Appendix 1: Ceramic and miscellaneous finds 20
Appendix 2: Design Specification 24
Illustrations
Fig. 1. Site location Scale 1:50000
Fig.2. Approximate position of development area in Roman Leicester
Fig.3. 1888 Ordnance Survey map of Leicester XXXI.14 with development area outlined Figure 4: Trench Location Plan (showing the projected line of the Fosse Way hatched) Figure 5: Plan of Trench One
Figure 6: North-east facing section of Trench One Figure 7: Plan of Trench Two
Figure 8: South-west facing section of Trench Two
Plates
Plate 1: Trench One, Facing east. 1x2m and 1x1m scales.
Plate 2: Features [106] and [107] in northern end of trench. Facing East
Plate 3: Deposits in Trench 1, 1x 1m scale, facing south. Broken roof tile layer (104) on right-hand side.
Plate 4: Trench Two, 2 x 2m scales, facing east
Plate 5: Structure [218], 1 x 1 m scale, facing north-east
An Archaeological Evaluation at 38 Braunstone Gate, Leicester (SK 579 040)
Summary
An archaeological evaluation of land at 38 Braunstone Gate,
Leicester was carried out by University of Leicester Archaeological Services (ULAS), between 24th October and 2nd November 2005, on behalf of LMP Consultants Ltd.
Two trenches, totalling 64m2 in area were excavated by machine under constant archaeological supervision. This was followed by hand cleaning of the trenches and selective sample excavation of the deposits.
The evaluation demonstrated the presence of stratified, archaeological deposits, significant in understanding extra-mural settlement activities of Roman and medieval Leicester. In Trench One deposits were revealed at a height of 54.56m OD in the northern end of the trench and 54.19 m OD at the southern end of the trench (c. 1.20m below present ground level).
In Trench Two, archaeology was encountered at 54.6m OD in the southern end of the trench and 54.49 m OD in the northern end of the trench. This is only c. 0.61m and 1.04m respectively, below present ground level.
Damage to archaeological deposits, such as later post- medieval and modern pitting activities and construction, in particular cellaring, seems to be confined to a small stretch of the frontage with Braunstone Gate and is not continuous. This has resulted in archaeological deposits to the rear of the development area apparently remaining in a good state of preservation and quite close to the present ground level.
The archive will be deposited with Leicester City Museums, Accession Number A10 2005.
1. Introduction
1.1 Planning permission with conditions has been approved for a 3/4 storey development on land at 38 Braunstone Gate, Leicester (centred on SK 579 040). In accordance with Planning Policy Guidance Note 16 and the condition placed on planning permission a scheme of archaeological investigation has been carried out by University of Leicester Archaeological Services (ULAS). An archaeological desk based assessment of the proposed development area, previously conducted by ULAS for Anthony Rickett Architects, confirmed the archaeological potential of the site (George 2004).
1.2 In response to the planning proposal a design specification for further archaeological work in the form of trial trenching was proposed by ULAS (ULAS 2005). This was approved by the City Archaeologist of Leicester City Council in his capacity as archaeological adviser to the Planning Authority (Appendix 1). This archaeological evaluation is designed to enable an informed decision to be made
about the archaeological impact of the proposed development upon the site and allow strategies for mitigation of this to be implemented.
2. Location
2.1 The proposed development area is in Westcotes Ward, Leicester. It is situated
on the southern side of Braunstone Gate and lies to the west of the course of the River Soar (George 2004). It lies to the south-west of the defended towns of Roman and medieval Leicester, in an area of archaeological interest and within the Archaeological Alert Area (Local Plan Policy EN6). 2.2
The site measures approximately 0.1 ha in area and lies at a height of approximately 55.6m OD. The Ordnance Survey Geological Survey of Great Britain Sheet 156 indicates that the underlying geology consists of alluvium associated with the River Soar, which lies a short distance to the east. 2.3
The most recent use of the proposed development area comprised a single storey brick built retail store and a car parking area (George 2004). The structure had been demolished prior to the start of the archaeological evaluation.
Fig. 1. Site location Scale 1:50000
Reproduced from the Landranger OS map 140 Leicester , Coventry and Rugby area 1:50000 map by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty� s Stationery Office.
� Cr own Copyright 1996. All rights reserved. Licence number AL 10002186.
3. Archaeological Background
The following is largely summarised from the desk-based assessment (George
2004). 3.1
Prehistoric
3.1.1 A late 1st Century Iron Age settlement on the east bank of the River Soar is the first indication of urban settlement in Leicester which lay to the northeast of the development area. Thought to be the tribal centre of the Corieltuavi, it is possible that smaller �satellite� settlem ents may exist in the development area. 3.1.2 In addition to potential Iron Age settlement, significant in understanding the development of Leicester, the proximity of the development area to the River Soar raises the possibility that earlier prehistoric remains may also be present. In association with these may be significant environmental evidence. For example, a site located in similar proximity to the River Soar, the Austin Friars excavation which lies to the north-east, demonstrated the existence of a Mesolithic peat bed (Shackley and Hunt 1985). Former river channels (palaeochannels), also giving insight into previous activity in the area, could be present on the site. Again, in similar proximity to the River Soar, a palaeochannel of Mesolithic-Neolithic date was revealed during archaeological investigation at Crown Hills (Cooper 1993).
Roman
3.2.1 The proposed development area is situated to the southwest of the town walls and west gate of Roman Leicester. Known to be a site of military activity, there is still the potential for evidence of a Roman fort from the conquest period to be uncovered. This would compliment the Roman fortlet of around 80 A.D., situated at West Bridge so as to control the river crossing (Clay and Pollard 1994). 3.2.2 The projected line of the Fosse Way Roman Road runs through the south west corner of the development area. Excavations have uncovered stretches of the road at Bede Street (Meek and Shore forthcoming), directly to the south west of 38 Braunstone Gate and at Westbridge Place, Dun�s Lane (Higgins 1998). 3.2.3 Excavations in the immediate vicinity of the development area at Great Holme Street in the 1970s located intense Roman activity (Mellor 1975). This included two pottery kilns and inhumations. The survival of a wooden coffin from one of these inhumations serves to underline the potential for the recovery of organic remains, rare in the archaeological record. 3.2
3.2.4 In addition to locating the Fosse Way, excavations at Westbridge Place, Dun�s Lane uncovered yard surfaces and scatters of building material, indicative of extramural settlement, perhaps taking the form of ribbon development along the Fosse Way (Higgins 1998).
3.2.5 To the south-west of the development area, around Saxon Street, Roman Street and Western Road, a probable Roman cemetery was uncovered in the late 19th early/ 20th Century.
3.2.6 Roman finds have been recovered from several sites to the west and north of the development area at Ruding Road and 35 Braunstone Gate respectively.
Fig.2. Approximate position of development area in Roman Leicester
3.3 Anglo-Saxon
3.3.1 An Anglo-Saxon cemetery was identified to the south west of the development area in the late 19th Century in the Saxon Street area. A Saxon sword was also found near to Western Road. Saxon buildings have also been recorded to the east of the development area at Bonners Lane and Oxford Street. Current work in the city centre has also uncovered evidence for Saxon settlement.
3.4 Medieval and Post-medieval
3.4.1 The development area lay within the manor of Westcotes within the liberty of Bromkinsthorpe (VCH II). The development area was located in the west field of the town during the medieval period. This would have comprised intermixed agricultural strips probably with ridge and furrow. Medieval finds have come from Ruding Road and Braunstone Gate.
3.4.2 Medieval remains have been uncovered at Westbridge Place (Higgins 1998), Great Holme Street and Austin Friars (Mellor and Pearce 1981). At Westbridge Place this included structural evidence and pitting, in association with a probable river revetment (Higgins 1998).
3.4.3 The John Speed map of 1610 does not show any record of western suburban development. Little development to the west of the town is indicated on Stukeley� s
1772 map and Robert�s 1741 m ap, with the main areas of suburban development to the east, north and south. By 1828, the map of Leicester shows various buildings along Braunstone Gate with fields adjacent to the river. This phase of development is confirmed by the 1846/52 Tithe map of Bromkinsthorpe and Westcotes which illustrates various buildings fronting Braunstone Gate. In particular this shows a large structure in the south and various terraced buildings in the north, with open spaces in the north and the east of the area.
Fig.3 1888 Ordnance Survey map of Leicester XXXI.14 with development area outlined
4. Aims and Objectives
The principal aim of the evaluation was to establish the presence or absence of archaeological remains, and if found to determine the nature, extent, date, depth, significance and state of preservation of archaeological deposits on the site, in order to determine the potential impact upon them from foundations and other groundworks associated with the proposed development. 4.1
4.2 The following site-specific objectives were also borne in mind, although not all could be fully addressed by the evaluation:
� establishment of the form, function and chronology of any preserved archaeological remains, utilising all appropriate scientific and analytical techniques
� the recognition of activity and occupation areas
� recovery of palaeo-environmental remains, including waterlogged deposits
� examination of evidence for settlement development within the hinterland around Leicester
� recovery of artefactual remains to assist in the development of local and regional type series
� further information regarding the line of the Fosse Way in the south-western part of site area
5. Methodology
General Methodology and Standards
5.1.1 All work was conducted in accordance with the Institute of Field Archaeologists (IFA) Code of Conduct and complied with their Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation (1999). 5.1.2 See Appendix 1 for staffing, recording systems, health and safety and insurance details. 5.1
5.1.3 Internal monitoring procedures were undertaken during the project. This included a site visit by the Project Manager to ensure professional standards were being maintained and the objectives set out in the brief were being met. 5.1.3 External monitoring procedures included a visit by the City Archaeologist, Chris Wardle.
5.2 Trial Trench Methodology
5.2.1 As proposed in the specification, two trenches each measuring 20m in length were excavated by a machine fitted with a 1.6metre wide ditching bucket. These were located as represented on figure 2. Spoil from the excavation was kept at a minimum of 1.5m from the edge of the trench. This has provided a sample of c. 8% of the development area. The trenches were located to avoid the existence of known services.
5.2.2 A cellar was encountered at the northernmost end of Trench One. Due to the unstable edges of the trench and other health and safety issues, this was excavated to a depth of 1.52m, remote recorded and then backfilled immediately. It was also necessary to adjust the line of Trench One in order to avoid the brick structures running along its eastern edge.
5.2.3 Both trenches were excavated by machine under constant archaeological supervision to a depth of 1.20m or archaeological deposits, whichever was first. They were then hand cleaned and recorded.
5.2.4 All sections and plans were drawn at a scale of 1:20 and deposits described in accordance with the ULAS fieldwork recording manual. A comprehensive black and white and digital record of the evaluation work was compiled. 5.2.5 Both trenches revealed significant archaeological deposits. Sample hand excavation was undertaken to attempt to ascertain the nature, depth, and state of preservation of these remains.
FO
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RL
HO
WE
TE RR
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A
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A
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a
W
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a
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a
C S o
t r
a e
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G d
Ol
0 10 50 100m
Figure 4: Trench Location Plan (showing the projected line of the Fosse Way hatched)
6. Results of the Evaluation
The archaeological evaluation confirmed the archaeological potential of the site, as suggested by the Archaeological Desk-based Assessment (George 2004). 6.1
Trench One (Figures 5 and 6) Length 20m
Width 1.60m Depth 1.20m
Height of archaeological deposits 54.66m OD Thickness of archaeological deposits c. 0.76m
Trench One, Facing east. 1x2m and 1x1m scales.
6.1.1 A layer of compact orange sand and gravels (108) was encountered at 54.56m OD in the northernmost end of the trench. Detailed investigation was not possible as the nature of the deposits could not be clarified within the confines of the trench, but limited investigation showed (108) to be overlying 0.18 m of stratigraphy, possibly make-up layers for (108). The probable surface (108) was overlain by a spread of green-grey clayey sand (104) and a dark green-grey clayey silt (105). Sample excavation of these layers (104 and 105) revealed them to be filling two shallow, sub- circular features [106] and [107] each with a series of small depressions around their edges. These impressions may represent stake-holes or tool marks.
Plate 2 Features [106] and [107] in northern end of trench. Facing East
6.1.2 To the south-east of features [106] and [107] was a mid yellow sticky clay silt layer. Associated with this were slabs of stone 0.20m x 0.12m, partially covered by what appears to be baked clay. It is possible that these deposits represent a structure such as an oven or kiln. The yellow deposit also appears to overlie (104) and if this is
the case, it suggest that this is a separate phase of activity to that represented by the possible surface (108).
6.1.3 To the south east of this feature and overlying a deposit of a very similar nature to (104) was a layer of deliberately laid broken roof tile running north-south across the site.
Plate 3: Deposits in Trench 1, 1x 1m scale, facing south. Broken roof tile layer (104) on right-hand side.
6.1.4 The sequence of deposits to the south-east of this were indeterminable and comprised a series of similarly composed deposits, difficult to define. Of particular note is context (101) a dark grey-brown silty clay with frequent charcoal inclusions and yielding a piece of decorated Samian ware. 6.1.5 To the south east of (101), hand excavation of dark green-grey clayey silt layer encountered at 54.24m OD, revealed a layer of compact pebbles (100), some overlying a yellow clayey sand. This possible surface or yard area covered c. 4m of the length of Trench One.
6.1.6 To ascertain the depth of deposits in Trench One a 0.50m wide sondage aligned north-south across the trench was hand excavated. This revealed a sequence of archaeological deposits to a depth of 0.76 metres below the base of the trench. Below this, 0.20m of probable river clays overlying gravels was encountered. 6.1.7 Further investigation of the trench would be necessary to further interpret the nature and function of the archaeological deposits within the development area.
Figure 5: Plan of Trench One
Figure 6: North-east facing section of Trench One
6.2 Trench Two (Figures 7 and 8) Length 20m
Width 1.60m Depth1.20m
Height of archaeological deposits 54.60m OD Thickness of archaeological deposits at least. 1.50m
Plate 4: Trench Two, 2 x 2m scales, facing east
6.2.1 Numerous deposits were uncovered in Trench Two, which had been subject to minimal truncation by modern activity. It is likely that the deposits encountered are either pit fills or possible occupation layers of Roman date. The largest of these layers (203) contained Romano-British colour-coated wares of the 3rd/4th Century. 6.2.2 Due to the lack of discrete features that could be stratigraphically excavated within Trench Two a 0.50m wide sondage, aligned north-east to south-west, was hand excavated, in order to determine the depth of surviving archaeological deposits. This showed a series of layers of at least 1.50m depth below the base of the trench. Amongst these were deposits containing burnt/baked clay, ashy deposits and a rich organic material. The finds recovered from these, suggest a 2nd/4th Century date. The burnt/baked clay in the deposits and the ash could potentially relate to the disposal of material associated with the possible oven/kiln glimpsed in Trench One. 6.2.3 The greenish tinge to deposits revealed further south along the trench are likely to represent deposits of organic rich cess material. This may be the case with (208) which contained late 1st/early 2nd Century grey ware. This offers the potential for securely dated environmental evidence to be recovered during further work. 6.2.4 Overlying deposit (208) and concentrated towards the southern end of the trench, was a patchy mid-yellow clayey deposit, which is likely to be the remains of a surface.
6.2.5 To the rear of Trench Two and c.0.2m higher that the other deposits in the trench was a stone and clay built structure [218] with a mortar floor and dividing wall. This had been cut through layer (211) which contained Grey wares of 2nd/4th Century date. Structure [218] measured 3m in width and at least 1m in length extending to the north of Trench Two. The clay bonding (212) contained two pieces of medieval Potters Marston ware with a terminus post quem of the 12th Century. Too little of structure [218] is visible to determine its function or date. It is possible, although by no means certain that [218] is the same structure as that seen on the 1888, 1:500 1st edition Ordnance Survey map. By 1904 the 1:2500 Ordnance Survey map no longer shows this structure and the area it occupies appears to be an alleyway between the terraced buildings. It is possible that [218] may be an outbuilding or, considering its small size, a privy.
Plate 5: Structure [218], 1 x 1 m scale, facing north-east
6.2.3 A possible damaged, cobbled surface, similar to layer (100) was partially excavated by hand in the southern end of Trench Two. This demonstrated that the possible surface overlies a series of deposits, similar to those seen elsewhere in the trench.
6.2.4 Limited investigation during the evaluation suggests at least three phases of activity in Trench Two. Further investigation is necessarily to further elucidate the character of these remains and would likely encounter securely dated, environmental evidence.
Figure 7: Plan of Trench Two
Figure 8: South-west facing section of Trench Two
7. Discussion
7.1 The evaluation has clearly demonstrated the presence of well-preserved, stratified archaeological deposits within the development area, indicative of at least three phases of activity on the site. The nature of the pottery assemblage also suggests a good level of preservation and reasonably secure stratigraphy. 7.2
The archaeological deposits lie beneath a c.0.80m depth of modern soils and overburden, being encountered at an upper level of 54.59m OD in Trench One and 54.52m OD in Trench Two. Investigation by hand has demonstrated that these deposits are of substantial depth, 0.76m in Trench One and 1.50m in Trench Two. 7.3
The projected line of the Fosse Way lies at the Braunstone Gate frontage end of Trench One, which had been truncated by cellaring and no evidence for its survival was recorded. The remainder of the site had been minimally affected by later disturbance and truncation, and demonstrated the survival of significant archaeological remains, probably indicative of settlement evidence along the line of the Fosse Way.
7.4 The Roman pottery assemblage is typical of urban / suburban domestic occupation, and spans the second to fourth century. This is supported by the Roman Building Materials, the variety of tile types and presence of painted wall plaster. The building material could suggest the former presence of a stone, tiled roofed building, possibly with a hypocaust system (E. Johnson) in the vicinity. 7.5
The remains within the development area well preserved, stratified and appear securely dated. As such, they are significant in understanding development in the hinterland of Roman and medieval Leicester, an area which has been little studied and for which there is little evidence to date.
8. Conclusions
8.1 The results of the evaluation demonstrate that any construction works associated with the proposed development could have a severe impact upon the buried archaeological remains if any of the groundworks would be at a level of c.0.5m or greater beneath the present ground surface. 8.2
The trial trench evaluation has demonstrated limited truncation within the proposed development area (excluding the cellar seen in Trench One). An area of c.60m2 of well preserved, significant archaeological remains, surviving up to a depth of up to 1.50m in places has been shown within the c.8% sample of the development area investigated with trial trenches.
8.3 The rich, organic material in the sondage excavated in Trench Two, could represent the presence of waterlogged deposits, possibly rich in organic remains. These could not be effectively environmentally sampled within the confines of the trench and the excavated sondage. The proximity to the river would make the survival of such remains highly likely, and thus it should be noted that the impact of piles penetrating through the ground within this area could potentially lead to localised dewatering of the site area, and thus such remains would no longer survive. 8.4
The presence of structure [218] in Trench Two demonstrates the proximity of well-preserved archaeological remains to the present ground surface. As such, any groundworks, even minimal levelling or clearance, could potentially have a serious
impact upon the state of such remains. The tracking of heavy plant and machinery over these areas in wet weather conditions could also have a major impact upon such remains.
8.5 The northern area of the site was not examined during the evaluation (the limits of such sampling strategies) and it is considered likely that the area will also contain well preserved archaeological remains.
Lucy Griffin University of Leicester Archaeological Services
23 November 2005
Appendix 1
Ceramic and Miscellaneous Finds from Evaluation Excavations at Braunstone Gate, Leicester A10.2005
Elizabeth Johnson (Ceramic Finds) Nicholas J. Cooper (Miscellaneous Finds)
Romano-British Pottery
A total of 71 sherds weighing 1.280kg of Romano-British pottery were recovered from the site. The material was classified using the Leicestershire Fabric Series (Pollard 1994) and quantified by sherd count and weight as shown in the table below. The average sherd weight is 18g suggesting a good level of preservation. No post- Roman material was found alongside Romano-British pottery, suggesting reasonably secure stratigraphy.
S h
e r
Context Fabric Form d s Weight (g) TPQ Comments
100 CG Jar 1 47
101 Samian Bowl 1 76mid2ndC Lezoux Dr37
103 GW Jar 1 272nd-4thC
104 OW Body sherd 1 1
104 Samian Plate 1 1mid-late1stC South Gaulish Dr18
104 Samian Bowl 1 52ndC Central Gaulish Dr37
104 Samian Body sherd 1 32ndC Central Gaulish
105 GW Jar 1 5c.AD70-150 barbdot/burnished
105 GW Jar 3 36c.AD70-150 barbdot (abraded)
105 GW Jar 1 10
200 BB1 Jar 1 42ndC lattice dec.
200 GW Body sherd 1 6
201 BB1 Jar 1 112ndC+
202 OW Body sherd 1 1 burnished
202 OW Body sherd 1 52nd-4thC
203
MO
Mortarium
3
126mid2ndC+
not closely dateable
203
C
Flagon
1
584thC
Nene Valley colour coat
203
C
Dish
1
164thC
Nene Valley colour coat
203
C
Beaker
1
7late2nd-3rdC
Nene Valley colour coat
203
C
Jar
1
214thC
Nene Valley colour coat
203
C
Body sherd
1
213rd-4thC
Nene Valley colour coat
203
C
Jar
1
1193rd-4thC
colour coat
203
C
Body sherd
1
133rd-4thC
colour coat
203
C
Beaker
1
13rd-4thC prob
colour coat
203 CG Jar 3 40
203 BB1 Bowl 1 9
203 BB1 Jar 1 7 oblique line dec.
203 Samian Body sherd 1 12ndC (residual) Central Gaulish
203 Samian Body sherd 1 72ndC (residual) Central Gaulish
203 OW Body sherd 2 122nd-4thC
203 OW Jar 1 8Early 2ndC prob (residual)
203
GW
Jar
1
192nd-4thC
203
GW
Jar
2
312nd-4thC
203
GW
Jar
1
42nd-4thC
203 GW Jar 1 109Later Roman? Unusual micaceous.
203 GW Jar 1 12c.AD50-100/120 (residual)
S h
e r
Context Fabric Form d s Weight (g) TPQ Comments
204 GW Jar 1 112ndC prob.
205 CG Jar 2 49Late1st-mid2ndC
206 GW Jar 1 62nd-4thC
206 BB1 Bowl 1 7Late2ndC+ intersecting arc dec.
207 C Beaker 1 13rd-4thC Nene Valley colour coat
208 GW Jar 1 14Late1st-early2ndC barbdot/ring or hairpin dec.
209 GW Lid 1 81st-2ndC
210 MO Mortarium 1 7early-mid2ndC prob (pre c.AD150) MHH
210 Samian Bowl 2 82mid-late2ndC Lezoux PATNA F st. Dr37
210 GW Body sherd 3 92nd-4thC
210 GW Jar 1 142ndC prob
211 CG Jar 1 8late2nd-3rdC Bourne-Greetham shelly
211 GW Jar 1 222nd-4thC
211 GW Jar 1 142nd-4thC
211 GW Jar 2 242nd-3rdC lattice dec.
211 GW Jar 1 202nd-4thC
213 GW Body sherd 1 12nd-4thC
216
GW
Jar
1
52nd-3rdC
lattice dec.
216
BB1
Dish
1
36mid2nd-4thC
H&Btype 59
U/S
OW
Beaker
3
63Early2ndC
Complete � roulette dec.
212
PM
Body sherd
2
612thC
Medieval � Potters Marston
The grey wares (GW) are most likely locally made, spanning the Roman period from the 2nd to 4th centuries. Although most are not closely dateable, examples of early decoration dating from the late1st-early/mid 2nd century are present. There is also a burnished, granular, micaceous jar base (context 203), which may be a late Roman coarse ware. The shell-tempered fabrics (CG) are again mostly local, the exception being a single sherd of Bourne-Greetham shelly ware, dating to the late 2nd-3rd century (context 211). The oxidised wares (OW) are probably Mancetter-Hartshill products dating from the early 2nd century onwards, including a complete roulette decorated beaker (Pollard 1986: 4-7). The Black Burnished Ware (BB1) industry generally starts c.AD120 and most of the forms present here could date within the 2nd century, although some forms are long-lived (Holbrook & Bidwell 1991: 112). The mortaria (MO) are products from the Mancetter-Hartshill and Nene Valley industries.
The fine wares comprise Continental Samian and Romano-British colour-coated wares (C). The earliest Samian ware is a Drag.18 plate from South Gaul dating to the mid-late 1st century (context 104) (Webster 1996: 3; 35). The remaining Samian is Central Gaulish, all dating within the 2nd century. The identifiable forms are decorated bowls, including an example of a potter�s stam p (context 210) dating to mid-late 2nd century (Oswald 1931: 232; 412). Most of the colour-coated wares are products of the Nene Valley industry dating to the 3rd and 4th century, the earliest form present being a late 2nd-early 3rd century beaker (Howe et al 1980: 16-25). Apart from a single sherd found in context 207, all the Romano-British colour-coated sherds are within a single context (context 203). This context also contains some Samian ware, and earlier coarse wares, which are therefore likely to be residual.
The nature of the assemblage is typical of urban domestic occupation, with roughly 60% jars and 40% table and specialist wares within the assemblage.
Roman Building Materials
A total of 28 fragments weighing 6.843kg of ceramic building materials were recovered from the site. The material was classified by tile type and quantified by fragment count and weight as shown in the table below. Tile types represented include flanged tegula and curved imbrex for roof covering, and wall tile used for general construction. One fragment of flue tile (tubulus) used in hypocaust heating systems was also recovered. Two sherds of painted wall plaster were also recovered from context 214. Almost half the total tile fragments are found within contexts 203 and 214. Context 203 also produced the largest quantity of Roman pottery. Most of the fragments are flat, which might suggest selection of large rectangular tiles or brick for re-use, although no evidence of mortar was found on any of the fragments. The variety of tile type and presence of painted wall plaster could suggest a stone, tiled roofed building, possibly with a hypocaust system.
Context Form Frags Weight (g) Context Form Frags Weight (g)
102 Tegula 2 669 211 Wall 1 378
102 Wall 1 501 213 Unc.CBM 1 214
104 Unc.CBM 1 10 214 Imbrex 3 662
106 Wall 1 357 214 Tegula 1 603
202 Tegula 1 135 214 Wall 3 1365
203 Imbrex 1 31 214 Unc.CBM 1 64
203 Tegula 3 975 215 Tegula 1 55
203 Wall 2 410 215 Flue 1 200
203 Unc.CBM 2 40 216 Unc.CBM 1 80
205 Unc.CBM 1 94 214 PWP 2 24
Medieval Pottery
Two sherds of 12th century Potters Marston Medieval pottery were recovered from a single context (212) (D. Sawday pers. comm.). No Romano-British pottery was recovered from context 212.
Object of personal adornment or dress
(Nicholas J. Cooper)
A10.2005 (103)
Complete (but in two fragments, broken mid-shaft) early Roman bone hairpin of Crummy's Type 2 with a single groove beneath the conical head and a tapering shaft (Crummy 1983, 21 fig. 18). Length 141mm; width of head 3mm.
This is a rather long and slender example of the most common Roman bone pin type found across the Roman town and its suburbs with 32 examples coming from Causeway Lane (Cooper 1999, fig. 121.43) and a number from the suburban excavation at nearby Great Holme Street (Boothroyd 1994, 11, fig.3.15). Phased examples from both sites, as well as Colchester, suggests a second century date for the type.
APPENDIX 2: UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES
Design Specification for Archaeological Evaluation: 38 Braunstone Gate, Leicester
NGR: centred on SK 579 040 Client: LMP Consultants Limited
Planning Authority: Leicester City Council Planning Application Number: 20032253
� Summary
Planning permission with conditions has been approved for the following
development on land at 38 Braunstone Gate, Leicester (centred on 579 040). The proposed development involves the construction of a 3/4 -storey development comprising financial and professional services at ground floor level and 13 self-contained flats above. The site lies to the south-west of the Roman and medieval walled towns of Leicester, in an area adjacent to a number of sites with known archaeological remains. The line of the Fosse Way Roman road lies either directly within or adjacent to the site area. A known Anglo-Saxon cemetery also lies close to the area. The site is therefore seen as having the potential to contain archaeological deposits that would be threatened by the proposed development, and thus the City Archaeologist of Leicester City Council has requested that an archaeological evaluation should be undertaken prior to the commencement of construction.
1. Introduction
1.1 Definition and scope of the specification
In accordance with Planning Policy Guidance Note 16 (PPG16, Archaeology and Planning, paragraph 30), and the condition placed on planning permission, this specification constitutes a �written scheme of archaeological investigation� which ULAS intends to implement on behalf of the Client in mitigation of any damage which may be caused to buried or standing archaeological remains from the development.
1.2 The document provides details of the work proposed by ULAS on behalf of the client, and should normally be submitted to the Planning Authority for approval before a costed scheme of archaeological investigation by ULAS is implemented.
1.1.3 The document provides details of the work proposed by ULAS on behalf of the client for: � The archaeological evaluation by trial trench of 38 Braunstone Gate, Leicester.
2. Background
2.1 Context of the Project
2.1.1 Planning permission with conditions has been granted by Leicester City Council for the above development at 38 Braunstone Gate, Leicester.
2.1.2 An archaeological desk-based assessment of the proposed development area was previously commissioned from University of Leicester Archaeological Services by Anthony Rickett Architects. The desk-based assessment confirmed the archaeological potential of the site (George 2004).
2.1.3 The assessment area lies on the southern side of Braunstone Gate and to the west of the course of the River Soar. The site area was previously occupied by a modern single story structure in the northern part with asphalted car park over the remaining area. It is unclear if the standing building, noted during the preparation of the desk-based assessment is still present.
2.1.4 The assessment area consists of c.0.1ha of land. The site lies at c.182m OD, and is situated on an alluvial terrace overlooking the River Soar.
Fig. 1. Site location
Reproduced from the Landranger OS map 140 Leicester, Coventry and Rugby area 1:50000 map by permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty� s Stationery Office. � Crown Copyright 1996. All rights reserved.
Licence number AL 10002186.
2.2 Archaeological and Historical Background
2.2.1 The archaeological desk-based assessment for the proposed development area summarised the archaeological potential of the area as:
An archaeological desk-based assessment has been prepared by University of Leicester Archaeological Services on behalf of Anthony Rickett Architects for the proposed development of land at 38 Braunstone Gate, Leicester. The assessment has shown that the site lies outside the walls of Roman and medieval Leicester, nonetheless, the development area is located in an area of high archaeological potential. The site lies adjacent to the projected line of the Roman Fosse Way and it is possible that activity relating to the road may survive within the development area. There is also evidence of Roman occupation sites and findspots in the vicinity of the site. Anglo- Saxon and medieval remains have also been identified in the area, and there is potential that archaeological deposits dating to these periods may survive in the proposed development area. Given the sites proximity to the River
Soar, there may be potential for evidence of earlier river channels (palaeochannels) and for prehistoric remains that may be preserved beneath the alluvial cover. The proposed development area, therefore, is recognised as having significant archaeological potential. Archaeological field evaluation would be advisable on the site to better ascertain the archaeological potential and aid in the design of any future development proposals and mitigation strategies. The issue of archaeology will have to be addressed as an important one for any proposed development on this site.
2.2.2 Recent archaeological excavations by University of Leicester Archaeological Services at Bede Street in Leicester, directly to the south-west of this site, produced archaeological remains of the Fosse Way. Close to the Western Road frontage an evaluation trench revealed the surviving remains of a section of the eastern side of the Roman road. The road survived fairly close to the existing ground surface, and was visible as a series of compact metalled surfaces. A possible line of kerb stones marking the eastern edge of the road was revealed, as was the eastern road side ditch. The original camber of the road may also have been visible. A subsequent excavation of this area of preserved Roman Road is thought to be one of the best- preserved so far seen within Leicester (Meek and Shore forthcoming). Projecting the course of this confirmed location of the Fosse Way suggests that it would cross through the southwestern corner of this proposed development site.
3. Archaeological Objectives
� To identify the presence/absence of any archaeological deposits.
� To establish the character, extent and date range for any archaeological deposits to be affected by the proposed ground works.
� To excavate and record any archaeological deposits to be affected by the ground works. � To produce an archive and report of any results.
3.1 Within the stated project objectives, the principal aim of the evaluation is to establish the nature, extent, date, depth, significance and state of preservation of archaeological deposits on the site in order to determine the potential impact upon them from the proposed redevelopment.
3.2 The following site-specific objectives are also to be considered:
� establishment of the form, function and chronology of any preserved archaeological remains, utilising all appropriate scientific and analytical techniques;
� the recognition and investigation of activity and occupation areas
� recovery of paleo-environmental remains, including waterlogged deposits;
� examination of evidence for settlement development within the hinterland around Leicester;
� recovery of artefactual remains to assist in the development of local and regional type series;
� further information regarding the possible line of the Fosse Way in the southwestern part of the site area;
4. Methodology
4.1 General Methodology and Standards
4.1.1 All work will follow the Institute of Field Archaeologists (IFA) Code of Conduct and adhere to their Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation (1999).
4.1.2 Staffing, recording systems, health and safety provisions and insurance details are included below.
4.1.3 Internal monitoring procedures will be undertaken including visits to the site by the project manager. These will ensure that project targets are met and professional standards are maintained. Provision will be made for external monitoring meetings with the Planning authority and the Client, if required.
4.2 Trial Trenching Methodology
4.2.1 A proposed trench location plan is included, figure 2. The trenches will avoid the location of a known manhole within the car park area of the site and any associated service runs. Full information on known services across the site area must be supplied to ULAS prior to commencement of the archaeological work..
4.2.2 The site area is c.800 sq m in size. It is proposed that two trenches are excavated, both of 20m length and c.1.6m width. This would give a c. 8% sample of the site area.
4.2.3 Trench 1: This will be located perpendicular to Braunstone Gate in the south-western corner of the site. If the Fosse Way does pass through this part of the site it should be revealed in the northern part of this trench.
Trench 2: This will be located to the north of trench 1, its location flexible. If the former standing building has already been demolished at the site then the trench may move more into the northern part of the site area. If clear evidence for the Fosse way is shown in Trench 1 the trench may also be relocated to expose more of its length.
4.2.4 The exact locations and size of the trenches may alter due to unforeseen constraints, underlying ground conditions and locations of services.
4.2.5 The present ground surfaces and underlying modern overburden will be removed in level spits, under continuous archaeological supervision, down to the uppermost archaeological deposits by JCB 3C or equivalent using a toothless ditching bucket. Trenches will be excavated to a width of 1.6m and down to the top of archaeological deposits. The trenches will be backfilled and levelled at the end of the evaluation, but surfaces will not be reinstated.
4.2.7 Trenches will be examined by hand cleaning and any archaeological deposits located will be planned at an appropriate scale and sample-excavated by hand as appropriate to establish the stratigraphic and chronological sequence. All plans will be tied into the Ordnance Survey National Grid. Relative spot heights will be taken as appropriate.
4.2.8 Sections of any excavated archaeological features will be drawn at an appropriate scale. At least one longitudinal face of each trench will be recorded. All sections will be levelled and tied to the Ordnance Survey Datum, or a permanent fixed benchmark.
4.2.9 Trench locations will be recorded using an electronic distance measurer. These will then be tied in to the Ordnance Survey National Grid.
4.2.10 Any human remains will initially be left in situ and will only be removed if necessary for their protection, under a Home Office Licence and in compliance with relevant environmental health regulations.
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Figure 2: Proposed trench location plan
0 10 50 100m
4.3 Recording Systems
4.3.1 The ULAS recording manual will be used as a guide for all recording.
4.3.2 Individual descriptions of all archaeological strata and features excavated or exposed will be entered onto pro-forma recording sheets.
4.3.3 A site location plan based on the current Ordnance Survey 1:1250 map (reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO) will be prepared. This will be supplemented by a trench plan at appropriate scale, which will show the location of the areas investigated in relationship to the investigation area and OS grid.
4.3.4 A record of the full extent in plan of all archaeological deposits encountered will be made. Sections including the half-sections of individual layers of features will be drawn as necessary. The relative height of all principal strata and features will be recorded.
4.3.5 A photographic record of the investigations will be prepared illustrating in both detail and general context the principal features and finds discovered. The photographic record will also include 'working shots' to illustrate more generally the nature of the archaeological operation mounted.
4.3.6 This record will be compiled and checked during the course of the excavations.
5. Finds and Samples
5.1 The IFA Guidelines for Finds Work will be adhered to.
5.2 All antiquities, valuables, objects or remains of archaeological interest, other than articles declared by Coroner's Inquest to be subject to the Treasure Act, discovered in or under the Site during the carrying out of the project by ULAS or during works carried out on the Site by the Client shall be deemed to be the property of ULAS provided that ULAS after due examination of the said Archaeological Discoveries shall transfer ownership of all Archaeological Discoveries unconditionally to Leicester City Museums for storage in perpetuity.
5.3 Before commencing work on the site, an accession number to identify all finds and records from the site will be obtained from the City Archaeologist.
5.4 During the fieldwork, different sampling strategies may be employed according to the perceived importance of the strata under investigation. Close attention will always be given to sampling for date, structure and environment.
5.5 All identified finds and artefacts are to be retained, although certain classes of building material will, in some circumstances, be discarded after recording with the approval of the City Archaeologist. The IFA Guidelines for Finds Work will be adhered to.
5.6 All finds and samples will be treated in a proper manner. Where appropriate they will be cleaned, marked and receive remedial conservation in accordance with recognised best practice. This will include the site code number, finds number and context number. Bulk finds will be bagged in clear self sealing plastic bags, again marked with site code, finds and context numbers and boxed by material in standard storage boxes (340mm x 270mm x 195mm). All metal objects will be x-rayed and then selected for conservation. All materials will be fully labelled, catalogued and stored in appropriate containers.
6. Report and Archive
6.1 The full report in A4 format will usually follow within eight to twelve weeks and copies will
be dispatched to the Client (2 copies), Leicester City Council (2 copies) and the planning authority (1 copy).
6.2 The report will include consideration of: -
� The aims and methods adopted in the course of the evaluation.
� The nature, location, extent, date, significance and quality of any structural, artefactual and environmental material uncovered.
� The anticipated degree of survival of archaeological deposits. � The anticipated archaeological impact of the current proposals.
� Appropriate illustrative material including maps, plans, sections, drawings and photographs. � Summary.
� The location and size of the archive.
6.4 A full copy of the archive as defined in The Guidelines For The Preparation Of Excavation Archives For Long-Term Storage (UKIC 1990), and Standards In The Museum: Care Of Archaeological Collections (MGC 1992) and Guidelines for the Preparation of Site Archives and Assessments for all Finds (other than fired clay objects) (Roman Finds Group and Finds Research Group AD 700-1700 1993) will usually be presented to within six months of the completion of fieldwork. This archive will include all written, drawn and photographic records relating directly to the investigations undertaken.
6.5 The archive and finds, including a copy of the excavation report, shall be deposited at the Leicester City Museum. The museum guidelines regarding the acceptance of such material should be taken into account and the recipient museum shall be informed in advance of the date when the site excavation is to commence. There is likely to be a charge for the deposition of the archive with Leicester City Museum, although the charges and eventual size of the archive are not known at this time.
7 Publication and Dissemination of Results
7.1 The field evaluation report will be submitted to Leicester City Museum for inclusion in the Sites and Monuments Record. A summary of the work will be submitted to the Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society. A larger report will be submitted for inclusion if the results of the evaluation warrant it.
7.2 ULAS and the Leicester City SMR support the Online Access to the Index of Archaeological Investigations (OASIS) project. ULAS will complete the online OASIS form at http://ads.ac.uk/project/oasis on completion of the project and report. ULAS will contact Leicester City SMR prior to completing the form. Once a report has become a public document following its incorporation into Leicester City SMR it may be placed on a web-site. LMP Consultants Ltd. should agree to this procedure in writing as part of the process of submitting the report to Leicester City SMR.
8. Acknowledgement and Publicity
8.1 ULAS shall acknowledge the contribution of the Client in any displays, broadcasts or publications relating to the site or in which the report may be included.
8.2 ULAS and the Client shall each ensure that a senior employee shall be responsible for dealing with any enquiries received from press, television and any other broadcasting media and members of the public. All enquiries made to ULAS shall be directed to the Client for comment.
9. Copyright
9.1 The copyright of all original finished documents shall remain vested in ULAS and ULAS will be entitled as of right to publish any material in any form produced as a result of its investigations.
10. Timetable
10.1 It is expected that the archaeological works would involve 5 working days on site, not including the backfilling and levelling of the trenches. The work will involve the presence of two archaeologists on site for the duration of the works (excluding backfilling of the trenches).
10.2 The work is scheduled to commence on 24th October 2005.
10.3 The evaluation report will be completed at the end of the evaluation. The on-site director/supervisor will carry out the post-excavation work, with time allocated within the costing of the project for specialist reports.
11. Health and Safety
11.1 ULAS is covered by and adheres to the University of Leicester Archaeological Services Health and Safety Policy and Health and Safety manual with appropriate risks assessments for all archaeological work. A draft Health and Safety statement for this project is attached as Appendix 1. The relevant Health and Safety Executive guidelines will be adhered to as appropriate. The HSE has determined that archaeological investigations are exempt from CDM regulations.
11.2 A Risks assessment form will be completed prior to work commencing on-site, and updated as necessary during the site works.
11.3 The location of any services within the area is unknown at present. Information on the known location of any services will need to be supplied by the Client prior to the commencement of works on the site.
12 Insurance
12.1 All employees, consultants and volunteers are covered by the University of Leicester public liability insurance, �20m cover with St. Paul Travellers (policy no. UCPOP3651237). Professional indemnity insurance is with Lloyds Underwriters 50% and Brit Insurance 50%, �10m cover (policy no. PUNIO3605). Employer�s Liab ility Insurance is with St. Paul Travellers, cover �10m (policy no. UCPOP3651237).
13. Monitoring arrangements
13.1 Unlimited access to monitor the project will be available to both the Client and his representatives and City Archaeologist subject to the health and safety requirements of the site. The City Archaeologist has been informed of the start date for commencement of these works.
13.2 All monitoring shall be carried out in accordance with the IFA Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluations.
13.3 Internal monitoring will be carried out by the ULAS project manager.
14. Contingencies and unforeseen circumstances
14.1 In the event that unforeseen archaeological discoveries are made during the archaeological evaluation, ULAS shall inform the site agent/project manager, the City Archaeologist and Planning Authority and prepare a short written statement with plan detailing the archaeological evidence. Following assessment of the archaeological remains by the City Archaeologist, the Archaeological Contractor shall, if required, implement on behalf of the client a contingency scheme for emergency excavation of affected archaeological features.
15. Bibliography George, S., 2004
An Archaeological Desk-based Assessment for the Proposed Development at 38 Braunstone Gate, Leicester (SK 579 040), ULAS Report No. 2004-131
MGC 1992, Standards in the Museum Care of Archaeological Collections 1992 (Museums and Galleries Commission)
RFG/FRG 1993, Guidelines for the preparation of site archives (Roman Finds Group and Finds Research Group AD 700-1700 1993)
SMA 1993, Selection, retention and Dispersal of Archaeological Collections. Guidelines for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland 1993 (Society of Museum Archaeologists)
James Meek
� ULAS 18/10/2005
APPENDIX 2.1
Draft Project Health and Safety Policy Statement: 38 Braunstone Gate, Leicester
A risks assessment will be produced by on-site staff, which will be updated and amended during the course of the evaluation.
1. Nature of the work
1.1 The work will involve machine excavation by mechanical excavator during daylight hours to reveal underlying archaeological deposits. Overall depth is likely to be c.1 m with possible features excavated to a depth of another 1m. Trenches will not be excavated to a depth exceeding 1.2m. Spoil will be stockpiled no less than 1.5 m from the edge of the excavation, the topsoil and subsoil being kept separate. Remaining works will involve the examination of the exposed surface with hand tools (shovels, trowels etc) and excavation of archaeological features. Two or three members of staff will be used on the evaluation. The site area may need to be made secure (perhaps with Heras fencing) prior to the works starting.
2 Risks Assessment
2.1 Working on an excavation site.
Precautions. Trenches to not be excavated to a depth exceeding 1.2m. Spoil will be kept 1.5m away from the edge of the excavated area to prevent falls of loose debris. Loose spoil heaps will not be walked on. Protective footwear will be worn at all times. Hard hats will be worn when working in deeper sections or with plant. First aid kit to be kept in site accommodation/vehicle. Vehicle and mobile phone to be kept on site in case of emergency.
2.2 Working with plant.
Precautions. Archaeologists experienced in working with machines will supervise topsoil stripping at all times. Hard hats, protective footwear and hazard jackets will be worn at all times. Machine driver to be suitably qualified and insured. If services or wells are encountered machining will be halted until extent has been established by hand excavation or areas where it is safe to machine have been established.
2.3 Working within areas prone to waterlogging.
In the event that the site is prone to waterlogging a sump may be excavated, suitably fenced and clearly marked to enable the water to drain away from the trenches to facilitate recording. Protective clothing will be worn at all times and precautions taken to prevent contact with stagnant water if it occurs which may carry Vialls disease or similar.
2.4 Working with chemicals.
If chemicals are used to conserve or help lift archaeological material these will only be used by qualified personnel with protective clothing (i.e. a trained conservator) and will be removed from site immediately after use.
2.5 Services
Information on the location of known services will be supplied to ULAS prior to the archaeological works commencing. The areas of the proposed trenches will be scanned using a Cable Avoidance Tool prior to excavation as an added precaution.
2.6 Other risks
Precautions. If there is any suspicion of unforeseen hazards being encountered e.g. chemical contaminants, unexploded bombs, hazardous gases, work will cease immediately. The client and relevant public authorities will be informed immediately.
Miscellaneous Finds
The table below lists other finds recovered from the excavations.
Context Find Type Quantity Weight (g)
104
Iron Slag
2
265
200
Iron Nail
1
18
200
Vitrified object
1
19
203
Shell
1
14
Bibliography
Boothroyd, N., 1994 Small Finds from two extramural sites of Roman and Medieval Leicester: Great Holme St and the Austin Friars. Unpublished MA in Post- excavation skills dissertation, University of Leicester Library.
Cooper, N. J., 1999 �The Small Finds�, in A. Connor and R. Buckley 1999 Roman and Medieval Occupation in Causeway Lane, Leicester, 239-282. Leicester Archaeology Monograph 5, School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester.
Crummy, N., 1983 The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-9. Colchester Archaeological Report 2, Colchester.
Holbrook, N. and Bidwell, P., 1991: Roman Finds from Exeter. Exeter Archaeological Reports: Volume 4. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.
Howe, M. D., Perrin, J. R. and Mackreth, D. F., 1980: Roman Pottery from the Nene Valley: A Guide. Peterborough City Museum Occasional Paper No. 2. Peterborough: Peterborough City Museum.
Oswald, F., 1931: Index of Potters� Stamps on Terra Sigillata �Samian Ware�. London: The Gregg Press Ltd (1964 reprint).
Pollard, R, 1986: Roman Pottery in Leicestershire. Unpublished: Leicestershire Archaeological Unit.
Pollard, R., 1994 The Iron Age and Roman Pottery. Pp 51-114. In Clay, P. and Pollard, R. (eds): Iron Age and Roman Occupation in the West Bridge Area, Leicester. Excavations 1962-1971. Leicester: Leicestershire County Council Museums, Arts and Records Service.
Webster, P., 1996: Roman Samian Pottery in Britain. Practical Handbooks in Archaeology no. 3. York: Council for British Archaeology.